ANTONYMS WITH DIFFERENT ROOTS IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF ECONOMICS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

Introduction

From the linguistic aspect, including word formation and stylistic point of view, antonyms enable the enrichment of language with new words and meanings, with meanings opposite to other words creating new contextual and structural circumstances [1]. As such, from a structural point of view, antonyms form different lexical types. Various studies have been done on antonyms, and it has been concluded that they are words with opposite meanings that first affirm themselves, then deny the opposite word. Antonyms have produced more work than other lexical and generally linguistic microsystems, such as homonyms, synonyms, and polysynonyms. There have been opinions that antonyms should only be called words with opposite meanings that have different roots (pasuri-varfëri, shumicë-pakicë, shpenzoj-kursej/ wealth-poverty, wholesale-retail, spend-save). Here, opposite meanings are expressed structurally in words that have completely different phonetic elements. Therefore, their antonyms are both semantically and structurally genuine.

Regarding the antonyms in the Albanian language, as well as in the specific national languages, a professional and scientific study was made in the second half of the twentieth century [8, PP. 159-164].

Working Methodology

Theoretical studies undertaken by local linguists have also served as a basis for this paper (Goçi, I.; Samara, M.; Kostallari, A.; Pllana, S.; Thomj, J.) and for the work of foreigners (Novikov, L. A.; Sirbu, R.; Lalevic, M. S.). For antonyms, the works related to problems of economic fields have generally been used both for genuine theoretical issues, as well as for issues related to the application of terminological principles in the practice of elaboration of terms and reflection in publications from broad fields of economics and in relevant dictionaries of economics.

Classification of Antonyms with Different Roots

From the point of view of word formation of antonyms with different roots, they are classified into two groups [7, P. 93]:

- Complementary antonyms

- Relational antonyms

Complementary antonyms have not only roots but also completely different themes, such as: analizë – sintezë/ analysis – synthesis, blej – shes/ buy – sell, dendur – rrallë/ dense – rarely, herët – vonë/ early – late, shpenzoj – kursej/ spend – save, shpesh – rrallë/ often – rarely, etc.

Relational antonyms consist structurally of different word-forming themes + word-forming formant, such as: afrohem – largohem/ nearness – away, blerës – shitës/ buyer – seller, dhënës – marrës/ giver – receiver, fitore – humbje/ victory – loss, gjerësisht – hollësisht/ widely – detail, lejoj – ndaloj/ allow – forbid, i vonshëm – i hershëm/ late – early, zgjat – shkurtoj/lengthen – shorten, etc.

Antonyms with Different Roots or Themes: Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs

Antonyms with different roots or themes, nouns: ashpërsi,-a – butësi/ harshness – softness; debi,-a – kredi/ debit – credit; dobësi,-a – fuqi/ weakness – strength; dritë,-a – errësirë/ light – darkness; dhëni,-e – marrje/ giving – receiving; fitim,-i – humbje/ profit – loss; hapj/e,-a – mbyllje/ opening – closing; heqj/e-a – futje/ exhale – insertion; jug,-u – very/ south – north; kundërshtar,-i – përkrahë/ opponent – supporter; lag,-ë – terë/ wet – dry; lirësi,-a – shtrenjtësi/ cheap – expensive; mallkim,-i – urim/ curse – wish; marrës,-i – dhënës/ receiver – giver; mbarim,-i – fillim/ end – beginning; mbrëmj/e,-a – mëngjes/ evening – morning; nat/ë-a – ditë/ night – day; pakic/ë,-a – shumicë/ minority – majority; perëndim,-i – lindje/ west – east; shpejtim,-i – ngadalësim/ acceleration – deceleration,l; thellësi,-a – cektësi/ depth – shallowness; vështirësi,-a – lehtësi/ difficulty – easiness; etc.

Antonyms with different roots or themes, adjectives: afërt (i, e) – i largët/ near – distant; cilësor,-e – sasior/ qualitative – quantitative; çelur (i,e) – i mbyllur/ open – closed; dimëror,-e – veror/ winter – summer; dobët (i,e) – i forte/ weak – strong; ëmbël (i,e) – i thartë/ sweet – sour; fituar (i,e) – i humbur/ won – lost; fortë (i,e) – i dobët/ strong – weak; ftohtë (i,e) – i ngrohtë/ cold – warm; gjatë (i,e) – i shkurtër/ long – short; hapët (i,e) – i mbyllët/ open – closed; hollë (i,e) – i trashë/ thin – thick; individual,-e – i përgjithshëm/ individual – general; lagët (i,e) – i thatë/ wet – dry; lehtë (i,e) – i rëndë/ light – heavy; madh (i),-e(e) – i vogël/ large – small; majtë (i,e) – djathtë/ left – right; mbyllët (i,e) – i hapët/ closed – open; palarë (i,e) – i larë/ unwashed – washed; pasur (i,e) – i varfër/ rich – poor; përmbledhur (i,e) i shpërndarë/ concentrated – diffuse; plogët (i,e) – i shkathët/ sluggish – agile; shëmtuar (i,e) – i bukur/ ugly – beautiful; shkurtër (i,e) – i gjatë/ short – tall; tërthortë (i,e) i drejtpërdrejtë/ indirect – direct, varfër (i,e) i – pasur/ poor – rich; zgjatur (i,e) – i shkurtuar/ elongated – shortened; etc.

Antonyms with different roots or themes, verbs: bashkoj – veçoj/ unite – separate, fitoj – humbas/ win – lose, forcoj – dobësoj/ strengthen – weaken, fut – nxjerr/ insert – exhale, holloj – trash/ dilute – thicken, kursej – shpenzoj/ save – spend, lehtësoj – vështirësoj/ facilitate – complicate, lejoj – ndaloj/ allow – forbid, marr – jap/ take – give, mbaroj – filloj/ finish – start, ndez – shuaj/ turn on – turn off, ndot – pastroj/ pollute – clean, ngadalësoj – shpejtoj/ slow down – speed up, shes – blej/ sell – buy, shpenzoj – kursej/ spend – save, terroj – ndriçoj/ conceal – enlighten, veçoj – bashkoj/ separate – unite, zgjat – shkurtoj/ lengthen – shorten, etc.

Antonyms with different roots or themes, adverbs: andej – këtej/ here – there, barkazi – shpinazi/ in the abdomen – in the back, brenda – jashtë/ inside – outside, botë – forte/ soft – strong, dendur – rrallë/ dense – rarely, ditën – natën/ day – night, djathtas – majtas/ right – left, dje – sot/ yesterday – today, drejt – shtrembër/ straight – crooked, fjetur – zgjuar/ sleeping – awake, fort – butë/ hard – soft, fshehur – hapur/ hidden – open, gjithnjë – rrallë/ always – rarely, hapët – mbyllur/ open – closed, hollë – trashë/ thin – thick, keq – mire/ bad – good, lagët – thatë/ wet – dry, lirë – shtrenjtë/cheap – expensive, majtas – djathtas/ left – right, natën – ditën/ night – day, nesër – sot/ tomorrow – today, shpejt – ngadalë/quickly – slowly, shpesh – rrallë/ often – rarely, shtrembër – drejt/ crooked – straight, tek – çift/ single – couple, thatë – lagët/ dry – wet, vertikalisht – horizontalisht/ vertically – horizontally, vonë – herët/ late – early, zbrazur – plot/ empty – full, etc. [7, P. 229]

Conclusion

The lexical-semantic composition of antonyms produces word-forming and lexical richness. From hence derived their great importance for lexicology in the language. Antonyms form antitheses and contradictions in the semantic and stylistic plane with sharp emotional nuances. Some antonyms are common to all languages (power, space, weight, etc.). Others are characteristic of each separate language.

Complementary antonyms are morphologically unbreakable and semantically unmotivated; i.e., their antonymous meaning is not related to the meaning of any other topic. They usually consist structurally of a single root morpheme that matches the theme.

Relational antonyms are usually words derived from prefixes and words formed by pre-conjugation or by conversion.

In this terminology, antonyms become a means of expression of necessary phenomena, seem more natural than in general language, and become more expressive of necessary phenomena in the field of scientific knowledge.