BORROWINGS FROM ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF ECONOMICS
Abstract
Introduction
Romanization has operated for many centuries in all countries of Western Europe and Southeast Europe, and it has been a long, political, historical-cultural, and linguistic process. Romanization in Southeast Europe began with the establishment of Roman rule in the Balkans, Illyria, Greece, Thrace, and Dacia, until the end of the 4th century. This was when the Roman Empire was divided into two parts - the West with the capital of Rome and the East with the capital of Byzantium. Illyria belonged to the Byzantine Empire. However, it maintained ties with Rome, so Latin influence continued even after this division [13, P. 317-320].
About the Roman borrowings in Albanian
Albanian, as an Indo-European language, is among the oldest languages in the Balkans, and it is the daughter of the Illyrian language. This language was spoken by the ancient Illyrians who inhabited the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. Throughout history, it has always been in contact with the Latin language of Rome, a language spoken in the provinces of the Roman Empire.
It is well-known that the influence of Latin on Albanian began quite early on and lasted for several centuries. The Latin element in Albanian was studied by many foreign and Albanian scholars [2]. Prof. Eqrem Çabej has stated, “One of the main tasks of Albanian linguistics, in addition to theoretical research, is and remains the enrichment of the language with elements of its own resources and its cleansing from the mass of foreign words that have flooded from abroad and that are flooding even nowadays.” [2, P.103].
Lyceum of Korça
The Lyceum of Korça, the first school of general culture in Albania, opened its doors on October 25, 1917, at the time when the Albanian Republic of Korça was functioning. The language used was French, with the exception of Albanian, which was given as a separate language. In the mid-1920s, German was introduced into the curriculum. The Lyceum of Korça was a secular high school with a national character where boys and girls studied together regardless of social class or religion. From 1917 to 1943, 1,115 students from Albania and Kosovo attended the National Lyceum of Korça [20].
Terms borrowed from Roman languages in the terminology of economics
According to certain criteria, borrowed terms are of two types:
- foreign international terms
- foreign non-international terms
In terminological dictionaries, the Albanized words are reflected in different ways:
- terms that are given and also used only in Albanian
- Albanian terms that are accompanied by a foreign term, where the Albanian word is given as the norm
- Albanian terms that have been associated with or are given as synonyms alongside the foreign term, Albanized terms partially replacing foreign affixes with Albanian ones
The influence of the cultures of peoples who speak French and Italian is manifested in various forms, including almost all spheres of vocabulary and living environment, of space and time, and also in many areas of economics.
Below, we will present some examples. The first term is in Albanian and is compared with French and Italian in the general lexicon of Albanian, especially displayed as book lexicon, but used in various fields of economics.
Results
|
Albanian – French |
||
|
abonim,-i-abonnement abonohem-s’abonner abonoj-abonner abonues-i abonné aksionar,-e-actionnaire aksionar,-i-actionaire aksion-i-action ambalazh,-i-emballage ambalazhim,-i-emballage ambalazhoj-emballer ankand,-i-enchère anket/ë-a-enquète anomali,-a-anomalie anonimi,-a-anonymat anonym,-e-anonyme anulim,-i-annulation anuloj-anuler aprovim,-i-approbation aprovoj-approuver arbitrarisht-arbitrairement arbitraritet,-i-arbitraire arbitrazh,-i-arbitrage arbitroj-arbitrer asortiment,-i-assortimento asortiment-assortiment balancim,-i-balancement balancoj-balancer bankë,-a-banque bankënotë,-a-billet a banque bankier,-i-banquier debat,-i-debat debitor/-i-débiteur ekonomik,-e-économique ekonomik/ë-a- économique ekonomikisht- économiquement ekonomiqar,-e-économe ekonomist,-i-économiste
|
ekonommi,-a-économie eksport,-i-exportation eksportim,-i-exportation (action d’exporter) eksportoj-exporter eksportues,-e-exporteur eksportues,-i-exporteur ekspozim,-i-exhibition ekspozit/ë-a-exposistion ekspozoj-expose ekuipazh-i-équipage ekzaminim,-i-examen ekzaminoj-examiner ekzekutim,-i-exécution ekzekutiv,-e-exécutif ekzekutoj-exécuter ekzemplar,-i-exemplaire ekzistoj-exister emisar,-i-émissaire empirik,-e-empirique etiket/ë-a-étiquette etiketim,-i-étiquetage etiketoj-étiqueter evidenc/ë-a- evidence furnizim-i-fourniture furnizoj-furnir furnizues-e-fournisseur garanci,-a-garantie garant,-i-garant garantim,-i-garantie garantoj-garantir intensivisht-intensivement interes,-i-intérêt kontabilitet-i-comtabilité kontroll,-i-contrôle kontrolloj-contrôler kontrollor,-i-contrôlleur kontrollues,-i-contrôlleur
|
kredi,-a-crédit kreditim,-i- créditeur kreditoj-créditer kupon,-i-coupon livroj-livrer magazinë,-a-magasin organizat/ë-a-organisation organizativ,-e-organisationnel organizim,-i-organisation organizoj-organiser organizuar (i,e)-organisé organizues,-e-organisateur plasman,-i-pacement rabat,-i-rabais reklam/ë-a-réclame reklamim,-i-réclame reklamues,-e-réclament rekompensim,-i-récompense rekompensoj- récompenser rentabël-rentable rentabil,-e-rentabile rentabilitet,-i-rentabilité rentë,-a-rente stabilitet,-i- stabilité stabilizim,-i-stabilisation stabilizoj-stabiliser stabil-stable stazhist-stagiaire stazh-stage tarif/ë-a-tarif tarifës (i)-tarifaire tarifoj-tarifer trezor,-i-trésor valorizim,-i-valorisati |
|
Albanian-Italian |
||
|
afarist,-e-affariste afarist,-i-affaristi afarizëm,-i-affarismo bankë,-a-banka bankrot,-i –bancarotta debitor,-i-debito debitor,-i-debitore dogan/ë,-a-dogana doganës (i,e)-doganale doganier,-i-doganale doganoj-doganare falimentim-i-fallimento falimentoj-fallire fatur/ë-a-fattura faturoj-fatturare faturues,-i-fatturista financ/ë-a-finanza financier-i-finanziere financim-i-finanziamento financoj-finanziare gjirant,-i-girante
|
intensifikim,-i-intensification intensifikoj-intensificare intensifikoj-intensifie intensiv,-e-intensif intensiv,-e-intensificatione kambial,-i-cambiale kapar,-i-caparra kaparoj-caparrare kasafort/ë-a-casaforte klient,-i-cliente konsum,-i-consumatione konsumator,-i-consumatore kontabël-comtable kosto-costo magazinë,-a-magaszzinaggio magazinier,-i-magasinier magazinier,-i-magazziniere portofol,-i-portofoglio rabat,-i-rab/atto (-abasso) reform/ë-a-riforma reformoj-rifondare
|
reformuar (i,e)-reformabile repart,-i-reparto revizion,-i-rexisione revizor,-i-rexisore rieksportim,-i-rieskortazione rieksportoj-riesportare rielaborim,-i-rielaborazione rielaboroj-rielaborare sabotim,-i-sabotaggio sabotoj-sabotare sabotues,-i-saboter saldo-ja-saldo skadim,-i-scadenza skadon-scadere skaduar (i,e)-scadente valut/ë-a-valuta xhiro-giro |
Conclusion
Borrowing (as a process) leads to the birth of a wide chain of parallels. These parallels create inter-linguistic dependencies and a relative stability that makes it possible for them to etymologically preserve their origin. In this way, such borrowings gain the status of internationalisms (international words), which are mostly translatable. Compared to the foreign word, the borrowed word is completely integrated into the system of the receiving language. Foreign words should be used in those cases when they bring a new meaning, a new nuance of meaning, etc., which we cannot express with the tools of Albanian itself.
When considering Albania's relations with Italy, relations that also derive from geographical proximity, the linguistic influence that came from Italy continued even after the end of Roman rule. Also, in Albania, there were schools in the French language in Korça and its surrounding areas during the years 1931-1939. At the same time, a number of Albanians graduated from French universities and brought with them many words and terms of the French language.
As economics is a field with a wide scope of practice that you could say is part of people's daily lives, the terminology of economics should help them in communication with specialists to ensure accurate judgments and actions.
In reality, the Albanian language resisted the strong influence of Latin and Romance languages and was not assimilated by them.
Borrowed words from Romance languages in Albanian are adapted from a phonological point of view according to the principles and phonological habits of the Albanian language.
Therefore, work should continue in regards to supplementing and revising dictionaries for specific areas of the economy, to improve the shortcomings carried over so far, and especially to solve the problems of the time in this terminology.
References
Bejta, M. Fjalor frëngjisht-shqip [French-Albanian dictionary] / Bejta, M. –ETMM, Prishtinë, 1985.
Çabej, E. Studime gjuhësore IV [Linguistic Studies IV] / Çabej, E. –RILINDJA, Prishtinë, 1977, -103 p. [In Albanian]
Cabré-Castellvi M.T. Theories of Terminology. Their description, prescription and explanation, in Terminology / Cabré-Castellvi M.T. –John Benjamins Publishing Company, 9(2)/2003. -165 p.
Deanović, M.; Jernej, J. Talijansko hrvatski ili srpski rječnik (Vocabulario Italiano Croato o Serbo) / Deanović, M.; Jernej, J. –IRO “Školska knjiga”, Zagreb, 1989.
Felber, H. Terminologie als angewandte Sprachwissenschaft (Gedenlschrift für Univ.-Prof. Dr. Eugen Wüster) / Felber, H.; Lang, F., Wersig, G. –K•G•Saur München, New York, London, Parsi, 1979. -16 p.
Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe A-M [Today’s Albanian Language Dictionary], – RLINDJA, Prishtinë, 1981. [In Albanian]
Fjalor i termave të bankës 32 (shqip-anglisht-frëngjisht-italisht-rusisht) [Banking terminology/Scientific and technical terminology 32 [Albanian-English-French-Italian-Russian] ]– AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, Tirana, 2014. [In Albanian]
Gorani, H., Problemet kuptimore në terminologjinë ekonomike [Semantic problems in economic terminology] / Gorani, H. – [Situation and development of Albanian terminology, problems and tasks] Scientific Conference, AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA & AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF KOSOVA, Tiranë, 2009. [In Albanian]
Kokona, V. Fjalor shqip-frëngjisht [Albanian-French dictionary] / Kokona, V. –RILINDJA, Prishtinë, 1989. [In Albanian]
Kostallari, A. Gjuha letrare kombëtare shqipe dhe epoka jonë [Albanian national literary language and our era]/ Kostallari, A. – “Sf”, nr. 4, Tiranë, 1984. [In Albanian]
Leka, F. Aspekte të zhvillimit të terminologjisë tekniko-shkencore pas Çlirimit, – “Sf”, 1970/1, IGJL, Tiranë, 1970. [In Albanian]
Luboteni, G. Menaxhmenti bankar [Banking Management] / Luboteni, G., Prishtinë, 2015. [In Albanian]
Mansaku, S. Studime për historinë e gjuhës shqipe Vëllimi I [Studies on the history of the Albanian language Volume I] / Mansaku, S. –ASA IGJL, Tiranë, 2018. -317p; -315 p. [In Albanian]
Marzá N. E., The specialised lexicographical aproach a step further in dictionary-making, –Peter Lang, 2009. -83 p.
Ndreca, M. Fjalor fjalësh e shprehjesh të huaja [Dictionary of foreign words and expressions] / Ndreca, M. –RILINDJA, Prishtinë, 1986. [In Albanian]
Nuhiu, V. Ndikimet ndërgjuhësore [Interlingual influences] / Nuhiu, V. –RILINDJA, Prishtinë, 1990. [In Albanian]
Pasho, H. Terminologjia shqipe-probleme dhe detyra [Albanian terminology-problems and tasks] / Pasho, H.; Duro, A. – Scientific Conference, AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA & AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF KOSOVA, Tiranë, 2009. [In Albanian]
Pllana, G., Termat e huazuar nga italishtja dhe frëngjishtja në terminologjinë e mekanikës në gjuhën shqipe [Borrowed terms from Italian and French in the terminology of mechanics in the Albanian language] / Pllana, G. -Linguistic Research III International Scientific Conference (July 11, 2014), Tirana, 2015. [In Albanian]
19. Xhuvani, A. Pastërtia e gjuhës, Vepra 1, Tiranë, 1980, -110 p. [In Albanian]
Liceu Francez, historia e shkollës së famshme dhe fati i ish-nxënësve [French Lyceum, the history of the famous school and the fate of former students] [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www.panorama.com.al/liceu-francez-historia-e-shkolles-se-famshme-dhe-fati-i-ish-nxenesve/ (accessed: 05.06.2020) [In Albanian]