О ДВУХСОГЛАСНЫХ ЧЕТЫРЁХКОРНЕВЫХ ГЛАГОЛАХ В ХРИСТИАНСКОМ УРМИЙСКОМ ДИАЛЕКТЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АССИРИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Аннотация
1. Introduction
The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi (NAACU) like the others Semitic languages is known to have four radical verbs. In Classical Hebrew the active stem of such verbs is close to the intensive stem (or D-stem): tirgem “to translate” vs. sipper “to tell”. The second consonant gemination in D-stem common for Aramaic, Classical Syriac, Classical Hebrew and Arabic, has been lost in NAACU as well as in Modern Hebrew. In NAACU D-stem (C1aC2uC3e) and K-stem (maC1C2uC3e) are morphologically similar (C means a consonant). Therefore the quadriliteral verbs turn out to be closer to causative stem K-stem rather than to D-stem: hamzume “to speak” vs. malyupe “to teach” (K-stem) vs. labule “to bring” (D-stem). The quadriradical verbs may be formed by the reduplication of two root consonants (1-2-1-2 structure). In Classical Syriac such roots correspond to the active stem of palpel (marmar “to embitter”) and the reflexive stem etpalpel (etmarmar “to become bitter”) [1, P. 128]. In Hebrew the verbs of such type are found in D-stem (piṭpeṭ “to chatter”), Dt-stem (hitbazbez “to be wasted”) and passive pulpal stem (qulqal “to be spoiled”). Arabic has four stems for the quadradical verbs [2, P. 48] but only G-stem (zalzala “to shake”) and tG-stem (tazalzala “to shudder”) are not rare to be considered. The verb in NAACU may have two dictionary forms: the jussive one as used in [3] and the infinitive one as used in [4]. I follow the manner of the infinitive verbal presentation. Thus the quadriliteral verbs in NAACU have C1aC2C3uC4e form. The biliteral root quadriliteral verbs (BRQV) may be presented as C1aC2C1uC2e (čaqčuqe “to tattle”). Particularly if the second consonant is weak y or w this scheme transforms to C1awC1uye (gawguye “to babble”). The detailed word dedicated to the quadriradical verbs is [5]. This article firstly introduces the bilateral root quadrilateral verbs in NAACU as an object of the special discussion including the semantic classification and the comparison with other languages. The methodology is based on the lexical and semantic analysis.
2. The two consonant reduplication models
Now let us compare the structure of the bilateral root quadrilateral verbs (BRQV). The Semitic languages presented here are given only in their active stems. In Classical Syriac the structure looks like as C1aC2C1eC2, in Hebrew as C1iC2C1eC2, in Arabic C1aC2C1aC2a, in NAACU C1aC2C1uC2e.
The similar schemes can be also found in non-Semitic languages. The case of two consonant morpheme or word reduplication is widely spread. The words formed by the reduplication are often onomatopoeic or mimetic. For example Japanese has a multitude of such words called gitaigo and giongo. Their phonetic structure usually looks like as C1V1C2V2 - C1V1C2V2 (V means a vowel): bura-bura “walk”, peko-peko “hungry”, gaya-gaya “noise”. Hindi also possesses words of the similar structure C1VC2C1VC2: kalkal “ripple”; paṭpaṭ “fall of a light thing”; phakphak “puffing”. Turkic has a lot of mimetic words formation schemes [6, P. 67 – 73] including C1VC2C1VC2 (pat-pat “thudding”); C1V1C2C1V2C2 (har-hur “confusion”).
3. The comparison with other languages
NAACU verbs mostly belong to Classical Syriac (Syr.) lexicon [7], Hebrew (Heb.) is added for a comparison [8]: baqbuqe “to gurgle”, Syr. baqbeq, Heb. biqbeq “to gurgle”; galgule “to unveil”, Syr. glā “to uncover”; daldule “to make thin”, Syr. dallilā “thin”, Heb. dal “thin”; damdume “to bleed”, Syr. damdem “to bleed”, dam “blood”; daqduqe “to diminish”, Syr. daqdaq “small”, Heb. dal “thin, small”; hanhune “to be pleased”, Syr. hnā “to be pleasant”, Heb. hinhen “to signify assent”; zamzume “to resound”, Syr. zamzem, Heb. zimzem “to resound”; ṭalṭule “to belittle”, Syr. ṭli “to be young”; ṭapṭupe “to flicker”, Syr. ṭapṭep “to flicker”; kaškuše “to cry Kish”, Syr. akkeš “to drive off”; lagluge “to stammer”, Syr. lagleg “to stammer”; lamlume “to mumble”, Syr. lamlem “to speak, to enunciate”, Heb. limlem “to babble, to grumble”; mašmuše “to grope”, Syr. maš “to touch”, Heb. mišmeš “to grope”; parpure “to spin”, Syr. par “to flee, to fly away”, Heb. pirper “to flutter”; paqpuqe “to cackle”, Syr. paqqeq “to babble”; patpute “to shred”, Syr. patpet “to tear to pieces”, Heb. pitpet “to break, to crush”; ṣawṣuye “to whine”, Syr. ṣawṣi “to chirp, to squeak”, Heb. ṣiyeṣ “to chirp, to chirrup”; qadqude “to cut up into logs”, Syr. qad “to cut away”; qaḥquḥe “to chuckle”, Syr. qaḥqaḥ “to laugh”; qanqune “to chant”, Syr. qanqen “to chant”; qapqupe “to cluck”, Syr. qapqep “to brood”; qapqupe “to cluck”, Syr. qapqep “to brood”; qarqure “to croak; to grumble”, Syr. qarqar “to cluck”, Heb. qirqer “to cluck, to croak”; raprupe “to flutter”, Syr. raprep “to move to and from”, Heb. riprep “to flutter”; raqruqe “to grow thin”, Syr. raqqeq “to make thin”, Heb. raq “thin”; ratrute “to tremble”, Syr. rat , Heb. ratat “to tremble”; šapšupe “to creep”, Syr. šap “to crawl”; tamtume “to snuffle”, Syr. tamtem “to mutter”; tantune “to smoke”, Syr. tan “to smoke”.
The following verbs are loaned from Arabic (Arab.) [9]: hamhume “to grumble”, Arab. hamhama “to growl, to grumble”; hashuse “to hiss”, Arab. hashasa “to sizzle”; walwule “to wail”, Arab. walwala “to wail”; waqwuqe “to quack, to croak”, Arab. waqwaqa “to croak, to bark”; zanzune “to hum”, Arab. zanna “to hum”;ḥašḥuše “to rustle”, Arabic ḥašḥaša “to ring, to rustle”; ṭaḥṭuḥe “to crumble”, Arab. ṭaḥṭaḥa “to break”; ṭanṭune “to buzz”, Arab. ṭanṭana “to ring, to make a noise, to buzz”; qaṣquṣe “to break”, Arab. qaṣqaṣa “to break”; ragruge “to tremble”, Arab. rajraja “to tremble”; raḥruḥe “to soften”, Arab. raxraxa “to make weak”; šaršure “to stream”, Arabic šaršara “to drop”. Some connections are probable: dašduše “to trample, to tread down”, Arab. dašdaša “to crash” (cf. Heb. dišdeš “to stamp”); zaqzuqe “to cackle”, Arab. zaqzaqa “to chirp; to chatter (about a woman)”; ḥamḥume “to fever”, Arab. ḥamḥama “to be warm” (cf. ḥimma “heat”); kaškuše “to cry Kish”, Arab. kašša “to drive off” (cf. Syr. akkeš “to drive off”); lakluke “to prod”, Arab. lakka “to fist”; naḥnuḥe “to pant”, Arab. naḥnaḥa “to clear throat”; ṣarṣure “to chirp”, Arab. ṣarṣara “to crack, to chirr” (cf. Heb. ṣirṣer “to chirr”); šaqšuqe “to rattle”, Arab. šaqšaqa “to chirp” (cf. Heb. šiqšeq “to rattle”).
Some BRQV are loaned from Persian (Pers.) [10]: harhure “to laugh”, Pers. herher “roars of laughing”; wazwuze “to whiz, to whirr”, Pers. wezwez “buzz”; zawzuye “to howl”, Pers. zuze “squeal, howl”; ḥasḥuse “to wheeze”, Pers. xesxes “wheeze”; karkure “to deafen”, Pers. kar “deaf”; pačpuče “to whisper”, Pers. pečpeče “whisper”; taqtuqe “to knock”, Pers. taqtaq “rat-rat”. Some connections are probable: balbule “to improve”, Pers. bālā “top, upper part”; gawguye “to babble, Pers. gu, the presence stem of goftan “to say”; hamhume “to grumble”, Pers. hamhame “noise, boom”; latlute “to mangle”, Pers. latlat “by parts”; namnume “to dampen”, Pers. namnam “drop by drop” (but cf. nimmana “damp”); naqnuqe “to stammer”, Pers. neqneq “whimper”.
In some cases the meaning of loan-word is slightly changed: lamlume “to mumble” vs. Syr. lamlem “to speak, to enunciate”; hanhune “to be pleased” vs. Syr. hnā “to be pleasant”; šaršure “to stream” vs. Arabic šaršara “to drop”.
Some verbs in relative Semitic languages have the same root but different meanings: marmure “to murmur”, but Syr. marmar “to embitter”; gargure “to swagger”, but Syr. gargar “to drag”; gamgume “to thunder, to roar”, but Heb. gimgem “to stammer”; dagduge “to trot”, but Heb. digdeg “to tickle”; waṣwuṣe “to whine”, but Arab. waṣwaṣa “to peep out”; qapqupe “to cluck”, but Arab. qafqafa “to shiver with cold”.
The general character of mimetic and onomatopoeic semantics leads to the possibility of arbitrary similarity or independent formation (e.g. wazwuze “to whiz, to whirr” may have appeared itself or may have been loaned from Persian wezwez “buzz”). Therefore the comparison with English should not be so amazing: hashuse “to hiss”, wazwuze “to whiz”, walwule “to wail”, warwure “to whir”, ṭakṭuke “to tick”, kaškuše “to cry Kish”, marmure “to murmur”. The verb taptupe “to patter” finds correspondence with both English (tap-tap) and Turkic (tıp-tıp “tap-tap”). Moreover the resemblance with Japanese (Jap.) and Hindi may be discovered for several words (gangune “to hum”, Jap. gangan (suru) “to ring”; paqpuqe “to cackle”, Jap. paku-paku “without sound”, ḥarḥure “to snore”, Hindi kharkhar “snore”; marmure “to murmur”, Hindi marmarānā “to murmur”).
4. The verb semantics
The most of BRQV are onomatopoeic (46%) and mimetic (48 %). “Onomatopoeia refers to the imitation of sound, whereas mimesis refers to an outward appearance or inner feeling rather than a sound” [11, P. 3]. The onomatopoeic verbs present the animal sounds (waqwuqe “to quack”, zarzure “to bray”, qawquye “to croak”); the human sounds (harhure “to laugh”, ḥarḥure “to snore”, kalkule “to sob”); the natural sounds (baqbuqe “to gurgle”). The mimetic verbs express the bodily feelings (ḥamḥume “to fever”, čančune “to tingle”, lahluhe “to pant”); the movements (dagduge “to trot”, lačluče “to trample”, načnuče “to masticate”); the appearance (gabgube “to foam”, ṭapṭupe “to flicker”, pakpuke “to putrefy”).
One should also note that NAACU has some mimetic and onomatopoeic verbs being not quadrilateral or quadrilateral but not two consonants reduplicated: nvaḥa “to bark”, ‘raya “to rain, to snow”, zangure “to ring”, pa‘wure “to yawn”.
The four radical verbs of 1-2-1-2 structure may come from the geminated 1-2-2 structure verbs: √dqq “to be small”, daqqiqa “small, tiny”, daqa “to make small”, daqduqe “to diminish”). Such verbs are mostly denominated from a noun or an adjective: damdume “to bleed” vs. dimma “blood”; daqduqe “to diminish” vs. daqqiqa “small, tiny”; qalqule “to lighten” vs. qalulla “light”; tantune “to smoke” vs. tinna “smoke” (cf. Syr. tan “to smoke”, tenānā “smoke”).
There are some synonyms among these verbs: lagluge, naqnuqe “to stammer”; dardure, gawguye “to babble”; qažquže, šaršure “to pour”. The synonymous verbs may differ only by one consonant (pazpuze, bazbuze “to squirt”; raghrughe, raḥruḥe, raxruxe “to soften”) or by the consonant transposition (ḥašḥuše, šaḥšuḥe “to rustle”).
5. Conclusion
The reduplication is spread over mostly of the word languages. One of such verbs semantic sphere is onomatopoeia and mimesis. The verbs root structure in Semitic languages usually includes three or four consonants. Thus the four consonant verbs are nicely convenient for the bilateral root reduplication structure! Such verbs could be met in Arabic, Hebrew, Classical Syriac and Neo-Aramaic. The verbs of Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi are analyzed. Many verbs are shown to ascend to Classical Syriac language or be loaned from Arabic and Persian. These verbs semantics is mostly onomatopoeic or mimetic. The phonetic comparison of these NAACU verbs with similar semantics words in other languages may be the object of the further discussion.
6. Appendix
A list of the BRQV in NAACU
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bajbuje “to creep” bazbuze “to squirt” balbule “to improve” baqbuqe “to gurgle” gabgube “to foam” gawguye “to babble” gazguze “to abhor” galgule “to unveil” gamgume “to thunder” gangune “to hum” gapgupe “to froth” gargure “to swagger” gažguže “to fizz; to become giddy” dagduge “to trot” daldule “to make thin” damdume “to bleed” daqduqe “to diminish” dardure “to babble” dašduše “to trample” halhule “to decay; to incite” hamhume “to grumble” hanhune “to be pleased” hashuse “to hiss” harhure “to laugh” hathute “to incite” wazwuze “to whiz, to whirr” walwule “to wail” waswuse “to squeak” waṣwuṣe “to whine” waqwuqe “to quack, to croak” warwure “to whir” zawzuye “to howl” zakzuke “to pale; to trot; to prod” zamzume “to resound” zanzune “to hum” zapzupe “to pat; to puff” zaqzuqe “to cackle” zarzure “to bray” ḥačḥuče “to probe” ḥalḥule “to undermine” ḥamḥume “to fever” ḥasḥuse “to wheeze” ḥapḥupe “to feel faint” ḥarḥure “to snore” ḥašḥuše “to rustle” ṭaḥṭuḥe “to crumble” ṭakṭuke “to tick” ṭalṭule “to belittle” ṭanṭune “to buzz” ṭapṭupe “to flicker” kazkuze “to crisp” čazčuze “to sizzle” čaḥčuḥe “to crash” kalkule “to sob” kamkume “to scorch” čamčume “to hurl” čančune “to tingle” čapčupe “to flap” čaqčuqe “to tattle” karkure “to deafen” čarčure “to scream; to grind; to squeak” kaškuše “to cry Kish” katkute “to disintegrate” lagluge “to stammer” lajluje “to glisten”
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lahluhe “to pant” laḥluḥe “to nibble” lakluke “to prod” lačluče “to trample” lamlume “to mumble” lasluse “to chew” laplupe “to fluff; to puff” laqluqe “to rattle” latlute “to mangle” maḥmuḥe “to snuff about” maimuye “to swear” maṣmuṣe “to bide time” marmure “to murmur” mašmuše “to grope” naznuze “to whine” naḥnuḥe “to pant” naknuke “to groan; to stutter” načnuče “to masticate” namnume “to dampen” naqnuqe “to stammer” sarsure “to scream” pazpuze “to squirt” paḥpuḥe “to snort” paṭpuṭe “to whisper” pakpuke “to putrefy” pačpuče “to whisper” paqpuqe “to boil; to cackle” parpure “to spin” pašpuše “to mollify” patpute “to whisper; to shred” ṣawṣuye “to whine” ṣarṣure “to chirp” qaghqughe “to cackle” qadqude “to cut up into logs” qawquye “to croak” qaḥquḥe “to chuckle” qaṭquṭe “to cluck” qačquče “to separate in parts” qalqule “to lighten” qamqume “to rumble” qanqune “to chant” qasquse “to break” qapqupe “to cluck” qaṣquṣe “to break” qarqure “to croak; to grumble” qažquže “to pour” ragruge “to tremble” raghrughe, “to soften” raḥruḥe “to soften” raxruxe “to soften” raprupe “to flutter” raṣruṣe “to shiver” raqruqe “to grow thin” ratrute “to tremble” šaḥšuḥe “to rustle” šakšuke “to totter, to shake” šamšume “to swoon” šapšupe “to creep” šaqšuqe “to rattle” šaršure “to stream” tamtume “to snuffle” tantune “to smoke” taptupe “to patter” taqtuqe “to knock” tarture “to hoarse”
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