Relations between conceptual and grammatical plurality

A Comparative Analysis of Conceptual Plexity and Grammatical Number In Russian and English

Table 1 - Relations between conceptual and grammatical plurality

Coincidental, no cognitive clash	toys, fingers, books, etc.
Out of synch with each other	1. Grammatically plural, conceptually singular when only one representative is intended – scissors, scales, tongs, etc.
	2. Grammatically singular, conceptually plural (singularia tantum) – hair, grass, rice, buckwheat, millet, beetroot etc. (?), furniture, etc.
	3. Grammatically and conceptually unstable – could be either singular or plural – data (?), paraphernalia (?), media (?), etc.
	4. Intra-grammatical clash – redundantly marked for plurality, singular concord is admissible. Conceptually singular when one representative is meant (pluralia tantum) – gallows (?), works (?), barracks (?), crossroads (?), etc.