РИТОРИКА, ЛИНГВИСТИКА И СТИЛИСТИКА [ОБЗОР]

Introduction

Rhetoric is addressed to the end of the intellectual taste through language ability. Geoffrey Finch claims that stylistics is a field of new linguistics, specific to the analysis of literary styles [1, p.189]. The word "stylistics" that appeared in the nineteenth century began to be widely used only in the early twentieth century. The definition of the boundaries of stylistics, its relation to rhetoric has been closely linked to linguistic researches, i.e. stylistics based on rhetoric has emerged simultaneously with the emergence of new linguistics and has been exposed to some of its technical capabilities [2, p.187].

Discussion

Some scholars support such an idea that while rhetoric is a whole, the eloquence presents a part of integrity. Therefore, the eloquence is a prototype feature of a lexical paragraph, a sentence, and a text producer. They also note that eloquence refers to the form and lexical point of the lexicon, whereas rhetoric is merely meaning. From what we can say, many linguists and rhetoriciens have distinguished stylistics from the rhetoric [3, p.95].

Some researchers consider stylistics as a branch of linguistic science. Stylistics is a field of theoretical linguistics, as it stands next to the syntactic theory. In the study of the style of literary texts, we can see that linguistic styling is enhanced by second-class literary research, such as history and social sciences. Historical relations between stylistics and linguistics through some literary critics have led to the mixing of the two sciences. But the matter was not over. Soon, the researchers opposed the difference between these two branches of science and their orientation. They have suggested that stylistics simultaneously uses the description and analysis to learn the quality of what is being said, and linguistics learns what is said.

Results

The literal meaning of the word "rhetoric" means "accurate, straightforward and expressive". In Western languages (in French), the word "rhetoric" is used in the sense of "science", and eloquency is used in sense of "abilities" [4, p. 25-26]. As a capability, rhetoric is literally used in a figurative, correct, in place and at the right time. In other words, it is sufficient and timely to express thoughts in an oral or written form [5, p.369-393]. Rhetoric is addressed to the end of intellectual pleasure through language ability [6, p.81]. The eloquence is an art of speech and influence, and science of persuasion (Ėloquence est art de bien dire, science de toucher et de persuader ). Plato exposes contemporary rhetoric, or eloquence as false discourses of knowledge.  He characterizes it as a form of deceptive flattery (flatter) and to cheat (tromper). Cicero defines rhetoric as the art of speaking with abundance and ornament. [4, p. 25].

Stylistics is a linguistic introduction to understanding the text. As it is known, the founder of the Geneva Linguistic School, Ferdinand de Saussure, laid the foundation for new linguistic traditions and has solved number of conundrums. Let's look at some of these problems: first, the language is a regular system; it is a set of interconnected relationships with signs; the latter consists of a form of sign (significant) which denotes a mean (signifie) of complexity; thirdly, it is characterized by two parameters of linguistic research: 1) synchronic research.  İn this case, the state of the language taken at a certain stage of historical development is investigated. This includes the current state of the language, the notion of equation, the lexical, grammatical, and phonetic elements of the language [7, 244]; 2) diachronic research. It takes the structural and grammatical system of the language in historical aspect and explores the different stages of historical periods. The diachronic aspect does not coincide with any other language phenomena in the his­torical sequence of each language event. It is language events that are not pre­served in linguistic consciousness of speech societies [8, p. 16]. It should be noted that for the first time, Ferdinand de Saussure proposed the method of diachronic research as inefficient one and instead of this he proposed a synchronous method [9, p. 203].

Determination of the boundaries of stylistics was closely linked to linguistic investigations. Thus, the formation of stylistics coincides with the emergence of new linguistics. This science has some technical capabilities of linguistics [10, p.187].

Stylistics has found almost the subject of his search in transformational theory and linguistic values. This understanding and practice help to clarify stylistic research in terms of method and content. I. Kant criticized the rhetoric (ars oratoria) as "deceptive art" that deprived human beings of the clear judgments by saying good words in the "Criticism of Pure Cognition". Kant's rhetoric was called the " mechanism of persuasion " [11, p.8, 10].

It should be noted that rhetoric is related with semantics of stylistics. At the same time “rhetorical analysis using modern rhetoric is often combined with literary criticism, text linguistics, semiotics, social description, stylistics, reader-response criticism, discourse analysis, and/or speech act theory” (13, p. 36).

Conclusion

Stylistics usually explores styles in the synchronic aspect, and rhetoric treats language as a fixed phenomenon. Both rhetoric and stylistics have the level of information and aesthetic level. H.Suhami names the discipline that describes figures of speech as rhetoric [13, p.11]. As you can see, rhetoric, linguistics and stylistics are closely interconnected. Even some authors believe that rhetoric has lost its practical significance that was in ancient times. That is, in the modern era, rhetoric in the preparation of politicians, orators, lawyers and preachers is not as widely used as in ancient Rome. The rhetoric has already compromised the stylistic theories that use sophisticated methods.