ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ МЕТАФОР В ПЕРЕВОДЕ С РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА КОРЕЙСКИЙ

Introduction

Among the several branches of modern linguistic science, an important place is occupied by interlingual human speech activity, which also has the name “translation activity” or “translation”.

The main task facing translation is the necessity to overcome cultural and interlingual barriers. The translation of literary texts is especially difficult, as the translation text through the translation language should represent all that is contained in the source text, but the translation must be complete in literary terms.

During a work with a literary texts, the translator often needs to represent in the translation literary tropes used by the author, including metaphors. In literary works, stylistic techniques play a special role, which can cause difficulties in translation. It is important to remember that the idiom, which has a high figurativeness and serves the representation of expression and exaltation of the utterance emotionality, is also an effective means of compressing information.

The lack of an adequate equivalent in the language of translation, differences in the realities of the two languages, their cultures and value systems inevitably lead to the impossibility of a direct translation.

This work shows an importance of right ways using by translator to metaphors and comparisons according to their inner meaning and outer form.

Method

During the study of the specifics of the translation, it is necessary to use a complex methodology, including the definitional analysis method, contextual analysis, the method of semantic interpretation, and linguo-cultural analysis.

Definitional analysis method is method of analysis of vocabulary definitions and identification of specific semantic features that distinguish a given word from words close to it.

Contextual analysis is used to study the functional specificity of words and their meanings, it is an analysis of the text (text fragment, sentence) in which the given word is used, as well as an analysis of the dependence of the word meaning on this context. It work together with the method of semantic interpretation.

Linguo-cultural analysis is a set of analytical techniques, operations and procedures used in the analysis of the relationship of language and culture.

Discussion

In the theory of translation, it is customary to divide conventional (commonly used) and personal (creative) metaphors and comparisons [4, P. 115-116]. At the same time, conventional tropes are often used in speech by native speakers and are considered as phraseological or idiomatic language units. Conventional metaphors are metaphors that are included in the national vocabulary and are recognized as metaphors for pointing out this fact. These metaphors are different from dead metaphors that are not recognized as pathways, and from new metaphors that are not included in the national vocabulary.

In modern science, there are two opinions regarding the relationship between phraseological and idiomatic language units. Such scientists as I.V. Arnold [1], V.S. Vinogradov [3] and others believe that phraseological and idiomatic linguistic signs should be separated, whereas V.L. Arkhangelskij [2], A.A. Reformatskij [6], A.I. Smirnitskij [7] in their research suggests that idiomatic utterances are part of phraseological language units. In this paper, the second point of view is taken as a basis.

Thus, in the representation of conventional metaphors and comparisons, a variety of translation strategies can be used, depending on the contextual, semantic, and linguo-cultural characteristics of the text, which makes it possible to transmit these stylistic means with the highest adequacy in translation.

The representation of Russian-language metaphors and comparisons in Korean can be based on the transmission of the same image that is contained in the original language. In such situations, there are necessity a definitive analysis of the utterance is necessary, which allows one to choose the exact equivalent of the image transfer. At the same time, it is important to pay attention not so much to the grammatical structure of the metaphor, as to its internal content. For example, бой с тенью is 쉐도우 복싱, бледное как мел (лицо) – 백악 이 처럼 창백한 (얼굴), горячая любовь – 뜨거운 사랑, прошел дождь – 비가 왔다 [9].

In some cases, the metaphor is translated by partial transfer of the image: хитрый лис – 능청이, пила (a woman who often swears at her husband) – 바가지 긁는여자, сердце разрывается – 가슴을 치다 [10]. In translating this kind of metaphorical statements, the semantic interpretation plays a strong role, allowing to reveal the essence of the image in the source text and ensure its representation in the translation text.

In some situations, the translation of metaphors is possible only by non-metaphorical means of the translation language. For example, зайти в тупик – 교착하다, доить деньги – 돈을 뜯어내다 [9]. These metaphors, which have no equivalents in the language of the translation, require careful contextual analysis necessary to achieve the fullest adequacy of the equivalent.

Literature is a figurative reflection of reality, but each author reflects the world around him in his own way. Passing through a series of filters offered by the time, the social environment, tastes of the reader’s public and the literary traditions that existed at that time, the writer develops his own individual style: a way of presenting and organizing ideas inherent only in him.

Individual author's metaphors are very expressive, the possibilities of creating them are inexhaustible, as the possibilities of revealing the similarity of various attributes of objects being compared, actions, states are unlimited.

The most difficult problem is the representation in the language of translation of personal tropes, which were created by the author in the source language. Metaphors and comparisons of this kind carry the features of the author’s individual style and are often translated without the use of translational transformations word for word: замшевая походка (V.V. Nabokov) – 녹비 처럼 조용한 걸음걸이, царапающий взгляд (M. Gorkij) – 할퀴는 눈초리, немой покой (I.A. Bunin) – 침묵한 고요.

However, some author’s images cannot be transferred with the necessary level of translation adequacy. In this case, translators have to carefully select the most accurate occasional correspondences, where the semantic interpretation works at the highest level. It is also necessary to take into account the linguo-cultural peculiarities of the translation language, in order to exclude the possibility of imparting to the expression those connotations that are missing in the source text.

«Нам дорога твоя отвага, огнём душа твоя полна» [5] – «우리는 너의 용감을 아껴 있으며 너의 마음이 빛이 많다». In this case, “огонь” is replaced by “свет” since in Korean the word “огонь” has negative connotations.

«Прапорщики воткнулись глазами в царя» [8] – «해군소위들 차르를 노려봤다». Due to the fact that in the Korean language there are no phrases “прокалывать взглядом”, “втыкаться глазами” and other expressions with a similar meaning, the verb “look intently” was used in translation, having in itself both positive and negative connotations revealed in context.

Results

Based on the above, it becomes clear that there are several basic ways of representing metaphorical expressions in the language of translation, namely: the selection of the figurative analogue in the language of translation, the creation of the word equivalent, the descriptive translation, the replacement of the image of the original text with the image adopted in the translation language.

In other words, as a result of the analysis, it turned out that the following methods of metaphor translation are encountered: reproduction, substitution, description, and omission.

It is important to account that in translation of metaphorical statements, it is necessary to make linguistic-cultural, semantic, and contextual analysis of a statement. It must be remembered that the most important component of the idiom is a vivid imagery, which contributes not only to revealing expression and increasing the emotionality of the utterance, but is also an effective means of compressing information.

Conclusion

In many cases, the original utterance and the available translation are very different not only in the structure of the utterance, but also in the transmitted manner. This phenomena appears due to differences in the perception of certain connotations embedded in the vocabulary of Russian-speaking and Korean-speaking addressees, structures familiar to a native speaker in each particular case, well-established metaphorical expressions and images, and also, to a certain extent, personal preferences and, not least, professional translator skills.

Attempts to use in translation only the external form of a metaphorical utterance, even in the case of partial disregard of the internal meaning, often lead to a significant distortion of the meaning of the original. A comprehensive text analysis and the use of various translation strategies are required during translating metaphorical statements.