ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПРЕЗУМПЦИЯ КАК ОСНОВА ВАЛИДНОСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА

In modern conditions, when the economic development is defined not only by the character of economic interactions, but also by the communication quality, it is reasonable to assume that N. Chomsky’s dichotomy of linguistic competence and linguistic performance, relevant in assessing communication processes, becomes invalid [4]. The category of linguistic presumption becomes more relevant when describing modern environment of cultural and economic communications. The category represents, on the one hand, the adequacy of language skills of the economics discourseagents, and on the other hand, it demonstrates the validity of human capital, including cultural semantics.

We suggest the introduction of term“linguistic presumption” when evaluating the quality of individual language skills andmodeling his or her individual verbal behavior. The linguistic presumption in describing the interaction of communication and information flows is taken as equivalent to the term “linguistic competence” introduced by N. Chomsky to explain the ability of an individual to learn a second language.The term “linguistic competence” became popular when developing communication technologies to ensure thefunctioning of corresponding infrastructure serving the communication environment formedas result of the man and machinecommunicationprocess. In this context, the competence is limited by the ability of a person to choose necessary units in an array of data represented by the natural language, the optimal number of units to be systemized for a better communication (information exchange) between a man and information device.In this case, the linguistic competence is considered as an ability of individual to give substance to information units [1], which is a letter-and-symbol of communication with information system to meet virtual reality limits.

The concept of linguistic presumption correlates with linguistic concepts of semantic presumption, pragmatic presumption [9], and the presumption of textuality [7].
E.V. Paducheva believes that it is more natural to consider the presumption as the meaning of the sentencein linguistics, and the correlation between presumption and the sentence, which includes this presumption,shall be identified as an objective fact of the sentence semantic structure independent of the speaker, listener and the general situation of the speech.The judgments of different speakers on the validity of the same presumption can be different, and that is why the same sentence can be meaningful to one speaker, and meaningless to another. The concept of presumption allows for general description of the sentence adequacy requirements withoutgiving an unambiguous definition of its adequacy.

According to E.V. Paducheva, the concept of presumption is directly related to the identification of hidden (implicit) components in the meaning of language units (words, grammatical categories, syntactic structures, linear and intonation structures); identification of syntactically abnormal sentences, explanation of sources for abnormal word combinations, mechanisms ofindirect understanding of abnormal word combinations (when it comes to metaphors, etc.); the prediction of the sentence behavior when changing its modality.

B.M. Gasparov [Gasparov 2004] notes that the presumption of textuality of a text message means that the speaker has no clear understanding of a text and its semantic borders.The presumption of textuality shall be understood as the readiness, need of a speaker to imagine something understood as a statement, a direct and observable phenomenon.

Linguistic presumption is a universal regulation tool fixed in the human linguistic consciousness on its upper level to correlate with real communications and based on the human capital – language skills – of an individual. Linguistic presumptions make the basis of social behavior when using a second language; they are the foundation to build representation schemes of a social subjecton. As a conceptual derivative of the notion of linguistic presumptions we have defined the concept of social presumption.

Social presumptions have a significant impact on human behavior and social consciousness, they are assumption-statement units to takequestions of human thoughts, actions, relations between individuals in society

When determining the nature of the social presumption phenomenon, Y.A. Chistyakova [2] relies on the integrated knowledge of social norms, peculiarities of their forming and existence, including the rules of law and actually existing element represented by legal presumptions. The unbreakablebond of social norms is in close connection with the people’s world perception, and it is expressed through social presumptions representing one of the most important regulators of social relations, acting at the level ofhuman consciousness and supported by universal human experience

As we believe, social presumptionsin the context of economics discourse are related to the concept of “human capital” associated with the language skills, the quality of which determines the income and living standards of society members.

The concept of human capital became popular in the 1960s in social spheres, where the development of personality takes place in (education, health care, and information spheres), and in the migration sphere, which “transforms” the receiving country.

As webelieve, the part of K. Marx’ capital theory, which describes organic capital, particularly the variable capital, finds its representation in the human capital concept. K. Marx introduces the term “organic composition of the capital”, which is understood as the correlation between the constant and variable capital (C: V), the growth of organic part of the capital contributes to reduction in profit margins. Part of the capital embodied in the means of production without changing its value during production processis called constant capital and marked as “C”, meaning “constantes” (lat.).

There is also a part of the capital advanced for the labor force, which changes the value size during the production process. This part of the capital is not only systematically reproduces its value, but also constantly provides surplus value. “Cof the constant value is part of the capital, which is always becoming variable. For this reason I call it variable part of the capital or, in short, variable capital (marked as letter “V”, stands for “variables” (lat.)”. [8].The division of the capital into constant and variable is important as it clearly shows that the surplus value is creatednot by the whole capital but only by its variable part.

In the light of K. Marx’ theory of surplus value, language skills shall be considered as a kind of variable capital, which not only reproduces itself, but also provides surplus value represented by the meaning assemblies with an impact on the social infrastructure design and information flows density.

According to B.R.Chiswick, language skills meet three requirements of the human capital: productivity, production costs relative to products, and the degree of implementation into personality [3] .B.R. Chiswick considers language skills as the human capital related to the use of limited resources in modern economic conditions.Language skills as a form of the human capital actualization correlate with investments made to bring income in future. The income can be in the form of high earnings, lower cost of consumer goods and services, important political events, etc.

Language skills are consideredby the economics of language, which formationprocess features several generations [5] .Empirical works of late 1960s represent the first generation of research. In these works, the language is represented as an ethic attribute referring a person to a particular group and having an influence on the personal and socio-economic status, especially on incomes.

The second generation of research takes place in 1970 – 1980ss and deals with understanding the language nature as human capital, making it possible to consider different prospects of the language, especially in connection with the economics of education developed in the 1960s. Language skills are considered as a source of economic advantage.

The third generation of research launched by F. Veylankur studies the language functions as determinants in receiving earned income. Languages are described not only as identification elements or potentially valuable communication skills, but also as a number of linguistic attributes adopted by individuals and together affecting the socioeconomic status of actors.

D.I. McCloskey [6] notes that Adam Smith emphasized the power of speech, but unfortunately, the followers of the researcher did not pay enough attention to his note. Adam Smith determines the importance of understanding and using the theory of meaning in the framework of human economic existence, which is synonymous,from the philological point of view,to the surplus value theory in its part describing the dependence of income on the quantity of valueof capital consumption.

Adam Smith in his study The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations says that the value addedby workers to the materialvalue splits into two parts: one part goes as payment to workers, and another one goes to the profit of their employer for the whole capital he advanced in the form of materials and wages [10]. In the meaning theory important are the following income characteristics: the income depends on the quantity of value of entrepreneur’s venture capital. In this regard,the capital consumption is the knowledge, which quantity of value is defined by the system of meanings the capital is represented by in the intellectual propertymarket, and the meaning theorytaken by an individual as basic to support his or her cognitive structure viability.

The profit an individual gets in the communication system, in this case, depends on the meaning theory, which an individual is guided by when developing communications and ensuring the viability of its cognitive structures. The viability of a human, and the anticipated profit, which he or she can get,is defined by the system of conceptsused to model his or her living environment.