1. Introduction

Concepts can manifest themselves through various linguistic means, with particularly vivid representations often found in the study of metaphors. Some concepts possess ambiguity: they can serve as both a source domain and a target domain.

This article aims to explore FIRE as a source domain for a diverse array of emotional metaphors, and to highlight specific features of how the concept of FIRE in relation to emotions is metaphorically represented in the English language.

The primary focus of the article will include fundamental aspects of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), key characteristics of FIRE, its role as a source domain, and the metaphorical frameworks associated with FIRE.

2. Research methods and principles

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) was initially presented to the academic community by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson in their seminal work, “Metaphors We Live By”, published in 1980

[8][3][4][7]

CMT in both domestic and foreign linguistics has been developing in several directions:

1. Defining the essence of the processes of conceptualization and categorization (G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, V. Evans, J. Grady, Z. Kövecses, S. Perry; N.N. Boldyrev, Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin).

2. Considering the phenomenon of the concept as a result of the process of conceptualization (Z. Kövecses; E.S. Kubryakova, V.A. Maslova, V.I. Karasik, Yu.S. Stepanov, S.G. Vorkachev, Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin).

3. The relationship of metaphor with the basic linguocultural concepts “concept”, “picture of the world” (E. Sapir and B. Whorf, E.S. Kubryakova, S.G. Ter-Minasova, Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin, V.N. Telia, V.I. Karasik).

While the authors mentioned above, along with many others, focus on different facets of CMT, they all rely on its foundational concepts: concept, conceptual metaphor, and conceptual domains.

V. Evans defines concepts as relatively stable cognitive entities that consist of fundamental units of knowledge derived from perceptual experiences. The author highlights that these concepts are formed through perceptual experiences from early life, contributing to their stability as cognitive entities

[3, P. 31]

In cognitive linguistics, a conceptual metaphor (CM) is understood as the process of comprehending one conceptual domain through the lens of another conceptual domain

[7, P. 3][9, P. 100]

Conceptual metaphor, as noted by V. Evans in alignment with the foundational theorists J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, transcends being merely a stylistic feature of language; it inherently embodies a metaphorical essence

[3, P. 35][3, P. 39][5, P. 1595–1614]

Thus, the role of language is that it is a means of access to fundamental knowledge and also contributes to complex processes of concept integration.

Z. Kövecses defines a conceptual domain as any organized structure of experience. In the context of conceptual metaphors, two specific domains are identified: the source domain and the target domain. The source domain is the conceptual area from which we derive metaphorical expressions to comprehend another conceptual area, known as the target domain, which is the domain that is being interpreted through this metaphorical lens.

This idea may well be illustrated on the example of CM LIFE IS A JOURNEY, where JOURNEY represents a source domain and LIFE performs as a target domain. It means that we understand LIFE in terms of JOURNEY, and this CM gives rise to such linguistic expressions as

[7, P. 3–6]

J. Grady notes that the basis of the concept belonging to the source sphere in a metaphorical pair is empirical (perceptual, physical) experience

[5, P. 1595–1614]

The study presented was carried out on the basis of conceptual-taxonomic analysis developed by N.N. Boldyrev

[1, P. 24]

3. Main results

To analyze conceptual domains effectively, it is crucial to define the lexical meaning of a coherent word and to identify the role of the described phenomenon in human life. In order to perform this step, the dictionary entries have been analyzed.

FIRE is typically recognized as a source of light and heat, often associated with expanding dietary options and linked to a wide range of emotions and states — both positive and negative: passion, inspiration, imagination, torture

[10][11][10]

Besides, if one is to speak about the significance of FIRE, it can be pointed out that it is considered to have been the main source of social abilities' development in mankind

[12, P. 593–601][6, P. 61–73]

Then 255 metaphorical representations of FIRE as a source domain for expressing emotions were analyzed and grouped on the basis of the emotion / group of emotions they reveal

[2][10][13][14]

FIRE seems to be an essential component of the source domain for metaphors that convey emotions and states, such as:

· enthusiasm

[10][13]

· curiosity and a very strong desire to achieve something

[11]

· feeling of success and achievement

[11]

· anger

[11]

· criticism

[11]

· impetuosity

[10]

· passion

[13]

· suspicion

[13]

· unpredictability

[14]

· intensification of the feeling

[13]

Thus, as can be seen from the sample, FIRE reveals itself as a rich source domain for CM in focus. It is worth noticing that the metaphorical representations under study show the ambivalence of FIRE

The classification cannot be considered to be exhaustive, however, it presents the main groups according to which the above-mentioned metaphors can be distinguished.

4. Conclusion

It is worth noticing that FIRE in the examples under study is perceived ambiguously, as both positive and negative emotions can be conveyed in the given CM. Moreover, the concept itself allows to predict or to figure out the principle according to which such “emotional” metaphors are created, as it is based on the primary meaning of the word FIRE. However, one significant fact is remarkable

This high frequency use of the FIRE concept as a source domain for CM related to emotions can possibly be explained by the fact that the concept of FIRE is a highly significant element of the conceptual and belief systems, what accounts for its being essential to both the domains of CM. The given example ultimately illustrates how metaphors shape our understanding of complex emotional experiences through the lens of familiar, concrete concepts.

The additional file for this article can be found as follows: