Space/ dimension (nature)

Metaphor type

Concise description

Substance (object)-related (horizontal)

Substance (object)-related metaphor realized either through metaphor-object or metaphor-symbol

The initial stage of metaphor production: metonymic features outweigh metaphoric features proper

Cognitive (horizontal)

1.     Image-schemas;

2.     Generalized / idealized cognitive metaphor models: ontological, structural, orientational metaphors;

3.     More or less concrete manifestations of generalized cognitive metaphors belonging to type 1 and 2

Metaphor is a mechanism of cognition we cannot do without; metaphor is on the point of isolating itself from metonymy

Language-oriented (horizontal)

Linguistic metaphor (metaphor-sign)

Both linguistic and extralinguistic contexts regulate the degree of metaphoricity. The brighter the image created, the fewer metonymic features come to the fore

Culture-specific (vertical)

Culture-specific metaphor (cultural metaphor-sign)

This space is vertical (compared to the three other spaces / dimensions); culture-specific connotations are largely associated with metaphor functioning