Mechanisms of Grammatical Implementation of the Euphemistic Meaning

Research article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18454/RULB.2023.40.42
Issue: № 4 (40), 2023
Suggested:
20.03.2023
Accepted:
27.03.2023
Published:
10.04.2023
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Abstract

The relevance of the work has been determined by the necessity to study the features of derivative transformations that do not correspond to the ritually expected grammatical mechanisms (grammar mistakes (inconsistency)) of the euphemism explication in the language (in media discourse, in particular), which has a peculiar scientific appeal in the context of the analysis of the psycholinguistic factor (data collection), and also expands and deepens the existing linguistic concepts of the euphemism study. The purpose of the article is to describe some of the psycholinguistic features of the euphemism formation through combining or overlapping of semantic combinations of different types with various grammatical functionality. To achieve the set goal, we have used the following methods: the descriptive method with its inherent techniques of external and internal interpretation, which made it possible to reveal the structural and content-related signs of euphemism, to locate and systematize grammatically deviant constructions as one of the forms of semantic predication, ‘highlighting’ the speaker's intentions while exteriorizing euphemism; methods of complex and contextual-semantic analysis contributing to the study of euphemism formation in the aspect of textual environment and structuring. The findings of the conducted analysis reveal that the formation of a euphemism, which is a product of linguistic adaptation in society, is limited by the adaptive behavior of interlocutors, which can be traced at the stage of the formation of an unfinished proposition, where the compilation of different types of meanings into the form of cognitive singularity, which is necessary for the emergence of a euphemistic meaning, is obvious. Conclusion. In the context of communicative cooperation, there occurs assimilation of social-cognitive and linguistic processes, expressed at the syntactic level in the speaker's choice to sacrifice the principles of grammatical accuracy in favor of semantic efficiency, which is objectified by grammatical inaccuracy on the one hand and the only correct psycholinguistic decision on the other.

1. Introduction

In linguistics, there is a variety of researches dedicated to the derivative potential of euphemisms including their structural peculiarities (the euphemism is a unit of secondary or indirect nomination

) as well as semantic, morphological and stylistic parameters. Due to the fact that the functional approach to studying euphemisms is currently prioritized, the peculiarities of derivative transformations of euphemisms are in the focus of many researchers and, hence, euphemisms can finally be characterized according to their manifestations and functions in the communicative environment. In addition, modern linguistics obviously targets new sources' database, mostly selected from the modern media discourse. It is the media that reflect the evolutionary transformations in social life, politics, economics, socio-cultural and other areas by transforming and generating language signs for the purpose of accurate explication of certain objects, events and phenomena, i.e. everything that can be defined as an extralinguistic factor influencing formation of euphemisms. It is evident that any linguistic phenomenon can be described within the paradigms of language and speech; hence we are inclined to believe that both principles shall be combined while prioritizing the by far more effective communicative model of the analysis. The choice of the analysis approach emphasizes the vision of the latest media discourse as a specific phenomenon and, above all, is based on the language and communicative and pragmatic parameters layered with emotive and expressive shades and other stylistic and grammatical characteristics of euphemisms. The theoretical findings have driven us to define the goal of the research as studying structural and derivative (grammatical) signs of euphemisms as a specific component of speech behavior in media communication.

2. Research methods and principles

The goal that has been set requires using the following methods:

descriptive method with its inherent techniques of external and internal interpretation that allowed to study the structural and semantic signs of euphemisms, assess and systematize deviant grammatical structures as one of the semantic predication forms that outlines the intentions of the speaker;

complex analysis method that allowed to study the components under analysis taking into consideration the lexical-semantic, morphemic, word-formation and stylistic strata of the language with an emphasis on the emotive, expressive and evaluative meaning of the euphemistic innovations;

contextual semantic-based method that allowed to study euphemistic units in the textual environment and largely contributed to defining their psycholinguistic specifics more precisely;

componential analysis techniques were used to study the semantic features of the linguistic units (euphemisms).  

3. Main results

The evolutionary transformations in the language system are also reflected in the derivative mechanisms of euphemism formation. Grammatical transpositions and lexical-semantic transitivity of the euphemistic transformations

,
in the language environment have been studied by many scientists from different linguistic schools and a variety of scientific works have been published including monographs, dictionaries, articles, reports, etc. Lexical transformations and innovations contributing to the formation of euphemisms were described by V.P. Moskvin, L.V. Porokhnitskaya, A.A. Reformatsky and others
,
,
,
. Yu.S. Baskova and G.A. Zavarzina have elaborated a complex classification of the mechanisms involved in the creation of euphemisms
,
. M.L. Kovshova defined the principles of phraseology in euphemistic grammar structures
. Researchers E.P. Senichkina, R. Rada and others analyzed the morphological modifications of the unwanted unit
,
. K.V. Yakushkina and A.R. Degtyaryova developed a persuasive theory of a certain change of meaning within a euphemism based on the extension or narrowing of the utterance
,
. In addition, the expressive means of the euphemistic meaning include morphological units that shape the morphology of evaluation as a subsection of the grammar of evaluation
,
,
, in which grammar units can participate in modelling mechanisms with positive and negative meanings
,
,
.

Undoubtedly, these and many other works give a clear picture of different semantic and structural-derivative signs of euphemism formation, despite the fact that the problematics of euphemistic structures goes beyond the scope of the abovementioned studies.  While the varied linguistic material has been studied from different angles and contributes to solving major linguistic problems, it is important to outline that analysis of euphemistic variants in media texts (or «communicative taboos» as defined by A.V. Karasik

) whose misuse is condemned in the linguocultural community plays a special role. It is indispensable to study them as, primarily, the process of the language dynamics is continuous and new euphemistic units are constantly produced, which explains the relevance of this research.

Additionally, it is worth mentioning a few other important reasons to describe and analyze structural and grammatical processes of the secondary nomination when euphemisms are concerned. Firstly, a grammatical structure is present in every aspect of the language, as it binds the elements of all the structures together and coordinates them with the accepted norm (grammar rules). In the grammatical system, changes happen at a rather slow pace, which, thus, provides for the continuity of the norms, their consistency and repeatability. In the language environment, grammar analyzes a vast scope of aspects including sentence theory, theory of morphological categories, theory of functional semantic fields, theory of objective grammar and many others.

Secondly, in general and when it comes to separate language phenomena, up-to-date grammar parameters of the language analysis predetermine and take into account their communicative potential (that of language phenomena). In other words, a psycholinguistic component is identified and analyzed in the context of a certain communicative situation, which lay the foundation for the anthropocentric organization of the grammatical system of the language.  

The latter does not reject the findings of the previous scientific paradigms, those of the element-taxonomic, (pre-Saussurean), systemic-structural (Saussurean), functional-communicative or functional-cognitive (post-Saussurean) that are sometimes accompanied by the comparative-historical one (N.V. Alifirenko, V.Z. Demiankov, E.S. Kubriakova, etc.). On the other hand, it synthesises the findings of the preceding linguistic paradigms, uses conventional models and procedures of the language units analysis taking into consideration their status when various communicative tasks are performed in a particular situation. Modern grammar is rooted in the fundamental concepts of W. Wundt

, W. Humboldt
, J. Baudouin de Courtenay
, A. Potebnja
and other scholars who sought to explain the nature of the impact the power of the language has on the individuality of a person and its manifestations in the language
. The researchers returned to the problem of the correlation between the language and a person, focusing not only on the analysis of the influence of the language on a personality, but also on the national character (the correlation between the language and the culture). The principles of the correlation between the language and the national culture make the foundation of the language identity theory and associative grammar (M.M. Bakhtin, Yu.N. Karaulov and others). For this reason, the second half of the 20th century witnessed the increased interest in the phenomenon of speech acts (J. Austin, J. Searl and others), further identification and differentiation of their locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary types of force. Drawing on this and the like theoretical knowledge, scholars single out the pragmatic classification of sentence types (J. Austin, J. Searl, G.G. Pocheptsov and others) and different classifications of speech acts and genres, communicative genres, etc. Among these many researches there were also attempts to measure the maximum capacity of the discourse markers (A.N. Baranov, G.N. Manaenko, V.A. Plungian, E.V. Rakhilina and others) while taking into account the functional style of the text and the communicative intentions of the studied lexeme. 

Therefore, the relevance of applying the psycholinguistic approach when studying the euphemistic innovations and transformations is evident. It is common knowledge that, to a great extent, the appearance of separate lexical units is, first of all, defined by the social processes. Hence, the impact of the external factors on the language dynamics is undeniable.

4. Discussion

Focusing on the language dynamics and the functional and grammatical mechanisms involved in the formation of euphemistic meaning, it is of primary importance to outline the usual morphosyntactic methods often referred to in the study of euphemisms and evaluated according to the manipulative potential of euphemisms, i.e.:

- prefixation is a morphological change that causes an internal rather than external transformation due to the change of the signified (based on opposition).  One of the largest groups of derivatives involved in building communicative models are those with prefix morphemes псевдо- (pseudo-), квази‑ (quasi-), лже- (false-) which emphasize the meaning of insincerity, unreality or fiction. For instance,

(1) Считается, что окончательное разделение астрономии и астрологии произошло в эпоху Возрождения (в XIV–XVI веках). Но впервые астрология будет названа лженаукой в начале XII века

.

(2) Ситуация с признанием гомеопатии лженаукой привлекла внимание общественности как к самой теории многократно разбавленных растворов, так и к лженаучным учениям в общем

.

(3) А авторы псевдоисторического фэнтези устроили себе уютненький постмодернизм, где можно населить любые исторические эпохи персонажами, сознание которых – смесь мышления инфантильного горожанина 21 века и убийцы из компьютерной игры, чтобы потом на протяжении трёх, пяти или семи томов всячески забавляться с этими марионетками

.

(4) Что такое психоакустика, чем она занимается и почему название этой науки звучит так псевдонаучно?

.

Language units with such modal evaluative meaning inform about fraud and fraudsters, different negative events and facts from the social life. Studying the corpus of the research material revealed that production of euphemisms by means of using morphemes псевдо- (pseudo-), квази‑ (quasi-), лже- (false-) is not only characteristic of nouns, but also other parts of speech, e.g. adjectives and adverbs;

- nominalisation, i.e. replacement of the finite verb forms by their derivatives that end in –ание (-anie), -ение (-enie), -ация(-atsia) removes the focus from the subject and «erases» the agent performing a certain action which has been referred to, due to which the process acquires impartial existentiality

, for example, 

(5) Основанием для госпитализации в медицинскую организацию, оказывающую психиатрическую помощь в стационарных условиях, может быть также необходимость проведения психиатрической экспертизы

.

- anonymization or «depersonalization» of structures for creating an abstract and general indirect characteristic of the subject, for example,

(6) Большинство спокойно отказалось от своих прав и свобод

.

- using passive structures as one of the techniques that allow to replace the subject and disguise the agent as well as omit the information for euphemistic purposes due to the syntactic redistribution of the components of the utterance:

(7) Прокопьева как журналистка, – это ее работа, – описала ситуацию об этом резонансном случае и изложила свое личное мнение. И не более того! Здесь нет состава преступления, и поэтому вменяемая ей статья – это статья сугубо за её личное мнение, за профессиональную деятельность как журналиста

.

The above examples are the evidence of the normative usage of the functional and grammar elements in euphemism formation that have been the focus of multiple studies. In this work within the psycholinguistic approach we are interested in the occasional (pragmatic) modelling of euphemisms as a means of «semantic predication <…> based on the coordination of the social experience and cognitive state, which provides for making mental combinations individualizing the used notion / meaning»

that can be considered erroneous from the point of view of the grammatical correlation. Due to the fact that everything that has been categorized and standardized superficially just to meet the formal requirements and accepted norms is reinterpreted and customized on the communicative and semantic levels where different situational factors (O.S. Zubkova suggested the term of cognitive impulses), strategies and tactics acquire certain functions. In this case the phatic function serves as a trigger for further transformation of the morphological forms and their status in the sentence structure. The examples are interview fragments that can be found below.

(8) …действие было лучшее … меня уговаривали следователи …они приехали в больницу… э… когда немножко в себя пришли после сотрясения, привели, – сотрясение было очень сильным, и доктор села и сказала такую вещь: «Ян, тебя не били, тебя убивали!». Я услышала. Дальше подошли следователи, сказали: «Янка, надо написать заяв…», со мной очень по-человечески, это вот тот случай, когда все работало как надо. Закон работал. Вот в моем случае, да. Есть другие случаи, да?

.

In this example the functional parameters (the syntactic roles) shift and the utterances of different kinds overlap as, when forming the euphemistic utterance «когда немножко в себя пришли после сотрясения, привели» (instead of confirming the fact of providing first aid after the beating), the speaker combines two utterances; «прийти в себя» (to regain one’s ability to feel and comprehend what is going on (after losing consciousness, concussion, etc.; to stop worrying, being anxious; to calm down) and «привести кого-либо в чувство» (make someone stop worrying and regain consciousness). It is evident that active and passive voice overlap as well: in the beginning, the utterance is the first person active, but in the process of verbalisation the speaker changes the utterance by using the passive form of привели as it is important for the speaker to refer to the third party (i.e. the doctors). In addition, there is depersonalization as the speaker avoids referring to the agent. According to the logic of grammar, the utterance has to include either pronoun «я» (I), for example, «когда я немножко пришла в себя» or pronoun «меня» (me) (in the genitive case – an example of case forms interference), for instance, «когда меня немножко привели в себя». Thus, from the point of view of functional grammar this utterance contains mistakes. On the other hand, from the point of view of psycholinguistics, the utterance reveals «the representative potential of semantic predication», which is «not only one of the functions of an utterance, but also an element of language determination that provides for the effective social adaptation and integration»

. Being an element of semantic predication, a euphemism is a material source for the analysis of the psychological and emotional states of the speakers that determine their verbal intentions that define the only right variant of externalization (in this case, we are referring to a euphemistic utterance) of the internal processes of reality interpretation at the moment of speaking; at times it allows to recognize the speakers’ alternative train of thought. 

 (9) МЫ приняли решение …эээ… то мне Оля сказала: «Свет, вот ты должна быть готова». Оля, которая к этому моменту уже прошла и проходила очень сложный процесс развода, расхода с отобранными, как мы знаем, детьми, которых она по сей день, К СОЖАЛЕНИЮ, не вернула, она мне сказала: «Свет, ну ты столкнешься с определенными трудностями. Тебе сейчас кажется, что тебе это не важно, но в какой-то момент ты поймешь, что тебе это очень будет задевать и обидно… вдруг тебя куда-то не приглашают, а вдруг тебя забыл кто-то с чем-то поздравить (касается носа)». Ты меня не оставила, при том, что ты и другие, и мои близкие подруги, но были примеры, когда вдруг я увидела, просто Роднянский, он самый такой очевидный и самый вот, вот вчера случилось. Поэтому, вот ЭТО меня расстроило

.

Like in the previous example, the grammatically heterogeneous utterances overlap, i.e., «тебе это будет очень …обидно» and «тебя это будет очень задевать». Due to the intention to conceal the psycho-emotional state of resentment (a negative reaction to unfairness or insult), the speaker broadens the semantics of the utterance by using the lexical unit задевать. However, this element does not conform with the rest of the sentence syntactically and seems to be grammatically erroneous whereas, from the perspective of psycholinguistics, this is a meaningful segment of the verbal and cognitive process that allows to track and analyse the «capacity of the reference with an emphasis shifting towards the stereotypical signifier»

.

Below there are a few other «erroneous» examples that, as we think, can demonstrate «the complete model of speech process equally suitable for interpreting its separate elements and individual cases»

in psycholinguistics. 

(10) Вы об этом говорили тоже (на терапии у врача)?» «Конечно. А самое главное, вот это наше жесткость (произносит четко и у делает взмах рукой), наш работающих женщин, когда наше время ограничено, нам мне всегда казалось, что Маруся должна делать так (условный шар руками держит), как кажется мне правильно. Да, то есть, как я делала, как ... это проблема отцов-детей всегда, да то есть это … такой вот … ммм … скажем, не то, что я бы не уважала ее как личность, но мне казалось, что мой путь, он правильный  

.

We presume that the speaker meant to say «вот это наше жесткое отношение», but eventually the speaker changed the utterance into «вот эта наша жестокость». While «жесткое отношение» refers to to «жестокое отношение», which implies systematic physical and psychological abuse of children by their parents, i.e. a factor that is largely condemned in the society, жесткость has broader semantics as a lexical unit (it refers to the capacity of a body or construction to withstand deformations; or to the idea of being confident of being right and refusal to change one’s mind). That is why жесткость is a trait of character with an ambiguously negative evaluation.

(11) Я подходила, он лежал в реанимации в кювезе (показывает маленький предмет руками), я подходила, смотрела, но я его на руки ни разу не взяла. Просто я помню его лицо, конечно, так как я не спала вообще, я помню, я лежала и думаю, если я придумаю молитву (возносит руку к верху), прочитаю ее 50 раз (пальцы левой руки собраны в пучок) (играет минорная музыка) … я вот всей силой души верю, чтооо … (махнула рукой) Господь меня услышит (дрожь в голосе) и поможет (кивает головой, длительная пауза)…

.

(12) Почему у Лолиты отдельный туалет?» «Ну …Я думаю, гигиену еще никто не отменял. В общем, она девочка все-таки, ей хочется, да, чего-то домашнего … ну, у каждого человека свои какие-то моменты». «А какие еще есть моменты у Лолиты, которые отдельно от вас? Расскажите». «Ну, она не ходит на завтраки в гостинице

.

It consists of two utterances: «я думаю, гигиена еще никому не повредила» and «я думаю, что гигиену еще никто не отменял»

(13) Лола, а ты с ним разговаривала после этого?» «Нееет. Ты что? Я сразу заблокировала и все (вм. прекратила любые контакты). Это такой человек для меня, нет. Он для меня умер сразу». «Мне просто всегда, когда ты мне рассказываешь эту историю, я не понимаю, что чувствует человек, который подсунул таблеточки (вм. ядовитое вещество)?

.

Supposedly, the utterance has two implications: «это такой человек, который для меня умер» and «такого человека для меня больше не существует». An emotional distress influences the thread of speaker’s thoughts and, consequently, the choice of the elements that can be verbalized, which results in grammatical inaccuracy. Hypothetico-deductive contemplations and establishing abstract connections translate into a specific coordination of features that are recognized regardless of their grammatical validity.   

(14) В этом отношении … можно представить, когда для человека не антропоцентрическая психология, когда в центре сам человек, а, например, поглощение какого-то продукта определенного цвета, вдруг это становится в центре внимания и вокруг этого пустяшного момента, который и заметить-то можно никак, возникает целая структура сверхценной идеи, концепции о том, что вот зеленые продукты вот это, а желтые продукты вот

.

«At the stage of the proposition formation, it is obvious that the signified is compiled and emerges as a form of cognitive singularity necessary for generation of meaning»

. Among the available morphological and/or syntactical forms, the speaker chooses the one that, from their point of view, fits best the signified situation and transfers the communicative intentions. The main goal of the speaker is not only the construction of a sentence as a unit of a certain language level, but also filling it with the information that is capable of adequately externalizing its internal state. O.S. Zubkova is convinced that «representation of semantic predication <…> is limited by the adaptive behavior of the participants <…> of the communication and their social position»
. Consequently, individual fears, complexes, hopes and disappointments are the main psychological factors that form the connotative aspect of a euphemistic meaning which further on turns into a verbal weapon in the social-communicative conflicts of individuals.

The factors of verbal behaviour define the verbalisation of the situational communicative goals and influence the mechanisms of linear implementation of syntactic positions within a sentence (accommodation and assimilation of grammatical processes), their interaction and interdependence in their variety.

5. Conclusion

As a result of the research, we came to the conclusion that despite finding a considerable number of examples in the selected material, we cannot ascertain that this phenomenon is widespread as the empirical stage of the research is not finished and so far we have not done the calculation in percentage.

Being a product of language adaptation in the society and interacting with it, a euphemism dynamically reflects the phatic function of the language and works as a carrier of multiple social and cultural connotations related to all aspects of social life. Euphemisms use the ambiguity of the language (grammatical deviance) «for their own benefit» for the purpose of reconciliation, neutralization of contradictions in social and intrapersonal relations whereas the priority of grammatical or semantic accuracy is determined according to the principles that the speaker follows (descriptiveness, persuasiveness, accessibility, simplicity of narrative forms, etc.) and shaped by the social evaluation, expressiveness, emotiveness, imagery, etc. When speakers produce certain information as well as new elements of euphemistic nomination, they choose semantic efficiency over grammatical accuracy.

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