ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ «СХОДСТВА» С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУФФИКСОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ В ТАДЖИКСКОМ

Language functionates as a dynamic mechanism for the encoding and transmission of complex human cognition and experience. It transcends a mere inventory of pre-established concepts, operating instead as a system through which individuals actively construct and negotiate meaning during their engagement with the external world. Linguistic units, encompassing a spectrum from individual lexemes to intricate phrasal structures, exemplify the most sophisticated form of human cognitive processing, reflecting the capacity to abstract, categorize, and interrelate concepts.

Lexical items, the foundational elements of language, manifest in diverse structural forms, categorized as simple, derivative, compound, and composite

The present study investigates a particular aspect of derivational morphology: the morphological expression of “resemblance” in English adjectives and the corresponding equivalents in Tajik. The notion of “resemblance” signifying similarity or likeness between entities, constitutes a fundamental cognitive category that significantly influences the perception and organization of human understanding. Through an examination of the morphological encoding of this concept in two typologically disparate languages, this research endeavors to elucidate the intricate relationship between linguistic structure, cognition, and cultural perspectives.

The corpus of our study is predicated upon extant linguistic research in derivational morphology. Seminal contributions in this domain include the scholarship of I. Plag

This research employs a corpus-based approach, augmented by comparative analysis, to dwell on the expression of resemblance through suffixes in English and their equivalents in Tajik. This approach allows for the examination of language use in authentic contexts, providing a more accurate and nuanced understanding of the phenomena under study.

Corpus Compilation:

English Corpus: The English corpus is drawn from a diverse range of sources representing general English language usage. This may include, but is not limited to, literary texts, newspapers, magazines, online articles, and transcribed spoken language. The primary criterion for inclusion is that the texts should exemplify natural and contemporary English usage.

Tajik Corpus: The Tajik corpus is carefully constructed to ensure parallelism with the English corpus. It comprises translations of the selected English texts, as well as original Tajik texts that are comparable in terms of genre, style, and subject matter. The inclusion of both translated and original texts allows for a more comprehensive analysis of how resemblance is expressed in Tajik, accounting for both direct equivalents and culturally specific expressions.

The analysis reveals that while both English and Tajik employ various methods to represent resemblance, their preferred strategies and grammatical structures show notable differences. English tends to favor suffixes and comparative structures, while Tajik relies more heavily on comparative structures and idiomatic expressions with cultural specificities. The stylistic choices available within each language also impact how resemblance is portrayed, particularly evident in the literary examples drawn from Aini`s work. Further research might explore the cognitive underpinnings of these linguistic differences and investigate the impact of cultural context on the expression of resemblance.

Thus, in our article, we decided to dwell on the expression of the meaning of “resemblance” by means of suffixes in the system of English adjectives and their equivalents in Tajik. In English, the relevant notion is expressed by a number of suffixes that have their own unique peculiarities.

The suffix -ly is the most productive word-building element in the expression of the meaning of “resemblance” and is mainly attached to the bases of nouns denoting a person

He gave me such a kind and fatherly look – U ba man chunin nigohi merubonu padarona kard (adduced by the author).

She held both her arms wide in a gesture of motherly love – Vai ba nishoni mehri modari do dastashro vase` dosht (adduced by the author).

From the above-adduced examples, one can assert that the equivalents of the suffix -ly in Tajik are the word-building suffixes -ona (-yona), -i, which are also considered very productive. In the last sentence, the Tajik equivalent of the English derivative word motherly is used as the noun phrase mehri modari, and the relevant grammatical phenomenon is considered to be one of the distinctive peculiarities of the theme explored.

Gradually, the element -like became as a component of compound word in English. Later on, the former in question acquired a number of distinctive peculiarities of suffixes. As P.M. Karashuk underscored in his book; firstly, the element -like gave rise to a large number of words. Secondly, it acquired the ability to form words not only with original English roots, but also from the roots of borrowed words. Thirdly, this element acquired the abstract meaning of “expression that which is characteristic of the base sign”. And fourthly, during its formation, the element under consideration has to some extent lost its connection with the word like

As a word-building suffix, -like mainly comes from the base of a noun and expresses the meaning of “resemblance” in terms of character and sign. The equivalent of the suffix -like in words whose base denotes a person or living creature is expressed mainly by the phrase “like (like, as) ...” or the elements –like, the suffix –ona (-gona) in Tajik, for example: gentlemanlike “ba monandi gentleman, bomarifat, baodob”, ladylike “ba monandi ashrofzan, latif”, manlike “ba monandi mard, mardsifat, mardona”, wifelike “ba monandi zan, zansifat, zanona”, childlike “ba monandi bacha, bachagona, oddi, beoloish”, dovelike “kaftarmonand, latif”. The equivalent of –like, which occurs with the base of abstract nouns denoting an object in Tajik derivative words mainly is the element –monand, for example: death – deathlike “margmonand, margovar”, thread – threadlike “nakhmonand”.

From long association with men she had learned a manlike reticence – Az muoshirati tuloni bo mardon vai oromii mardonaro omukhtaast (adduced by the author).

She speaks with a childlike directness – Vai bo raftori kodakona sukhan megyad (adduced by the author).

It is worth mentioning that the suffix -like has common features with the suffix -ly. For example, depending on where in the language adjectives with -ly and -like occur, for example: manly, manlike “mardona, monandi mard”; womanly, womanlike “zanona, misli zan, botaquo”. Secondly, both suffixes can form adjectives from the same semantic class of nouns denoting living creatures. For example: birdlike “murgmonand, tez”, snakelike “morshakl, mormonand”. Thus, the suffix -like can be recognized as a synonym for the suffix -ly.

The suffix -y is mainly used to form adjectives with noun bases expressing the meaning of “resemblance” in terms of sign, shape, and peculiarities. For example: beady “marjonmonand”, bony “ustukhonshakl, ustukhondor”, bossy “kurrashakl, adasshakl”, chalky “ohakmonand”, furry “pustinshakl, muina”, corny “obilashakl”: Сhalky white flowers – gulhoi chun bur safed.

As can be seen from the examples, the equivalents of the English suffix -y in Tajik are the elements -monand and -shakl comparative expressions like something (i.e. similar in color, shape, or characteristics to something).

The suffix -ish is attached to a noun denoting animate objects, and in most cases expresses the meaning of “resemblance” in terms of character and behavior. For example: coltish “toychamonand, bozingar”; dwarfish “pakanamonand, norasida”; girlish “duhtarona, latif, nozuk hamchun dukhtar (oid ba pisarbachai nozuk)”; mannish “az rӯi khislat ba mard monand”; brutish “daghal, monandi khayvoni vakhshi”, mulish “khira, yakrav ba monandi har”, tigerish “badqahol, hunhor (ba monandi palang)”. This group of adjectives is relatively numerous. The equivalents of –ish are mainly –monand, -ona in Tajik:

She spoke in a deep mannish voice. – Vai bo ovozi dagali mardona gap zad (adduced by the author).

 She was in a tigerish mood. – U dar tabi palangona bud (adduced by the author).

The suffix –ish expresses resemblance with a negative evaluative connotation, for example: mannish “mardona, monandi mard dagal (dar borai zan)”, apish “monandi maymun bozingar”, bearish “khirsona, lavand va dagal hamchun hirs”, calvish “gusolamonand, beaqlu fahm”, cattish “gurbamonand, ayor, badgakol (ba monandi gurba)”. It is worth noting that the synonyms of this suffix –ly are based on the same principle and express the meaning of “resemblance” with a positive evaluative connotation: manly “mardsifat, shujo, jasur (oid ba zanhoi shujo)”:

He will exercise his lesson with such wantonness and apish toyishness. – Vai suporishi khudro bo bozigarii favkulodda chun maimuncha ijro mekunad (adduced by the author).

The suffix -ed expresses the meaning of “resemblance” in terms of form. For example: feathered “doroi shakli parranda”, orbed “kurrashakl”, forked “changakshakl”.

In English, a number of suffixes that express the meaning of “resemblance” are used mainly in the formation of scientific terms: –ous, -aceous, -ate, -esque, -ic, -ine. We decided to consider them profoundly to our next articles.

Thus, we studied the system of English adjective suffixes and determined that in English 11 word-building elements can express the meaning of “resemblance”: -ly, -like, -у, -ish, -ed, -ous, -aceous, -ate, -esque, -ic, -ine. However, we considered only these suffixes, such as: -ly, -like, -у, -ish, -ed and the findings show that the equivalents of the above-mentioned suffixes are mainly the suffixes –ona (-gona, -yona), -ı, and expressions chun/hamchun yagon chiz/kas. Such words monand, sifat and shakl are regularly used to express the relevant meaning in Tajik. From our point of view, the Tajik words monand, sifat and shakl can be included in the list of word-building elements, since they also accept the suffix sign, like the English word -like, and give additional meaning to the derivative words.