СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ ГНЕЗДО С ГЛАГОЛЬНОЙ ВЕРШИНОЙ ХИРУНДЭЙ В ЭВЕНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Introduction

Even verb hirundey [хирундэй] meaning "to climb down, to slide down" [2; P. 296] draw our attention because it is a derivatively productive motion verb. Since there is no particular study on motion verbs in the Even language, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the word-building capacities of an Even motion verb as exemplified by the verb hirundey [хирундэй].

The verb hirundey [хирундэй] is one of the verbs denoting a way of movement; it denotes moving across a surface: Kuŋal emkerduk turkich hiruniten [Куңал эмкэрдук туркич хирунитэн]. Children on sledge slid down the ice-hill. Miko edey chakabakla amandar "Buran" hirunin [Мико эдэй чакабакла амандар «Бурань» хирунин]. Mico rode the Buran snowmobile to get to the meeting on time. In the second example, the verb hirunin [хирунин] was used with the meaning "to ride", which the verb must have acquired recently due to the Evens familiarising with machines. So, we can say motorkach hirundey [моторкач хирундэй] - to go by motorboat; mashinach hirundey [машинач хирундэй] - to go by car, etc.

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The analysis of the derivative potential is conducted based on a word-family approach, where hirundey [хирундэй] is the base. The source of the research was the "Even-Russian dictionary" by V.A. Roobek, M.E. Robbek [2]. The analysis of the word-building and semantic relations between derivatives is carried out through a system of paradigmatic relations in the family.  The word-building family consists of syntagmatic connections – derivational chains and paradigmatic – derivational paradigms. Derivational paradigm is a set of all words directly derived from a particular producer [4: P. 41]. The derivational paradigm is a set of derived words having the same generating base, being at the same derivation step [3]. 

The studied word family has thirty-one derivatives and consists of the following word-building paradigms:

At the first step, there is one derivational paradigm of the basic hirundey [хирундэй] building seven derivatives:

HIRUNDEY [ХИРУНДЭЙ] to climb down, to slide down

HIRU/VEN/DEY [ХИРУ/ВЭН/ДЭЙ] to climb down, to slide down once in a while

HIRY/KET/TEY [ХИРУ/КЭТ/ТЭЙ] to slide down the mountains
HIRU/MKEN/DEY [ХИРУ/МКЭН/ДЭЙ] to have moved, to have put in motion, to have pushed down, to roll down

HIRU/MKET/TEY [ХИРУ/МКЭТ/ТЭЙ] to move, to put in motion, to push down, to push, to roll

HIRU/MET/TEY [ХИРУ/МЭТ/ТЭЙ] to roll down (on itself), to slide to and from

HIRU/N/DID/DEY [ХИРУ/Н/ДИД/ДЭЙ] to roll, to slide

HIRU/Ŋ/CHI/DEY [ХИРУ/Ң/ЧИ/ДЭЙ] 1) to be sliding down; 2) to be moving, to crawl

The derivatives of this paradigm make up a verbal cluster of aspectual and vocal forms. By joining the generating base, the indicators of aspectual and vocal verb forms add various characteristics of the action to the newly formed word, according to their definitions.  So, the aspectual form hiruvendey [хирувэндэй ] – "to climb down, to slide down once in a while" denotes a rarely taken action; hirukettey [хирукэттэй] – "to slide down the mountains" denotes a repeated action; hirundiddey [хирундиддэй] – "to roll, to slide" denotes an action taking place at a particular moment in time.

The derivatives hirumkendey [хирумкэндэй] – "to have moved, to have put in motion, to have pushed down, to roll down"; hirumkettey [хирумкэттэй] – "to move, to put in motion, to push down, to push, to roll" come in the form of the causative indicators and denote the enforced action. Though the derivative hirumettey [хирумэттэй ] – "to roll down (on itself), to slide to and from" is formed through the reciprocal voice indicator -met, it is not a vocal one. On this and other such verbs V.A. Robbek said, "...they do not denote the subjects' actions directed at each other, or performed one for another. Thus, these verbs and those like them in modern Even cannot be considered verbs of reciprocal voice, though genetically they do belong to the category" [1; p. 302]. We believe that the derivative hirumettey [хирумэттэй] denotes a repeated directed action.

At the second step, three derivational paradigms are based upon hirukettey [хирукэттэй], hirumkendey [хирумкэндэй], hiruŋchidey [хируңчидэй]:

HIRUKETTEY [ХИРУКЭТТЭЙ] to slide down the mountains

HIRUKET/NE/DEY [ХИРУКЭТ/НЭ/ДЭЙ] to go sliding

HIRUKET/NES/TEY [ХИРУКЭТ/НЭС/ТЭЙ] to have gone sliding

 HIRUKE/CHI/N [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/Н] sledging, skiing 

HIRUKE/CHI/M/DEY [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/М/ДЭЙ] to want to slide

HIRUKE/CHI/MEL/DEY [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/МЭЛ/ДЭЙ] to want to slide very much

HIRUKE/CHI/NMEY [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/НМЭЙ] sledding, skiing

HIRUKE/CHI/ŊKE [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/ҢКЭ] a sledge

HIRUKE/CHI/SCHI/DEY [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/СЧИ/ДЭЙ] to try to slide

HIRUKE/CHI/SEN/DEY [ХИРУКЭ/ЧИ/СЭН/ДЭЙ] to have slid

HIRUKE/CH/UKEN/DEY [ХИРУКЭ/Ч/УКЭН/ДЭЙ] to get sb/sth slid, to take sledding

HIRUKE/CHEK [ХИРУКЭ/ЧЭК] 1) sliding; 2) ice-rink

In this position, six aspectual, one vocal verbal form and four nouns are formed. The aspectual form hiruketnedey [хирукэтнэдэй] "to go sliding" denotes action related to the doer's motion; hiruketnestey [хирукэтнэстэй] "to have gone sliding" denotes an action that is performed when moving from a certain point and returning; the derivatives hirukemchidey [хирукэчимдэй] and hirukechimeldey [хирукэчимэлдэй] express the desire, the readiness of the subject to take action; the aspectual indicator -schi of the derivative hirukechischidey [хирукэчисчидэй] "to try to slide" denotes the attempt, the desire to tale action; hirukechisendey [хирукэчисэндэй] "to have slid" formed with the aspectual indicator -sen denotes instant motion; the causative form hirukechukendey [хирукэчукэндэй] "to get sb/sth slid, to take sledging" denotes the enforced action.

The derived nouns denote the name of the action – hirukechin [хирукэчин], hirukechinmey [хирукэчинмэй], both meaning "sledging"; the name of the object meant particularly for this action – hirukechiŋke [хирукэчиңкэ] "a sledge"; the place of action – hirukechek [хирукэчэк ] "1) sliding; 2) ice-rink".

The derivational paradigm based on hirumkendey [хирумкэндэй] makes up the nouns of the names of action:

HIRUMKENDEY [ХИРУМКЭНДЭЙ] to have moved, to have put in motion, to have pushed down, to roll down    

HIRUMKE/N [ХИРУМКЭ/Н] movement, moving

HIRUMKE/NMEY [ХИРУМКЭ/НМЭЙ] movement, moving

The derivational paradigm based on the verb hiruŋchidey [хируңчидэй] consists of two nouns, two vocal and three aspectual verbal forms:

HIRUŊCHIDEY [ХИРУҢЧИДЭЙ] 1) to be sliding down; 2) to be moving, to crawl

HIRUŊCHI/VKEN/DEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/ВКЭН/ДЭЙ] to put in motion, to make sth roll down

HIRUŊCHI/VKET/TEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/ВКЭТ/ТЭЙ] to put into motion, to move, to push, to roll sth, to start a motor

HIRUŊCHI/L/DEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/Л/ДЭЙ] to start moving, to start sliding

HIRUŊCHI/N [ХИРУҢЧИ/Н] movement, moving, riding

HIRUŊCHI/NMEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/НМЭЙ] movement, moving, riding

HIRUŊCHI/SCHI/DEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/СЧИ/ДЭЙ] to try to slide

HIRUŊCHI/SEN/DEY [ХИРУҢЧИ/СЭН/ДЭЙ] to have moved (on itself)

Here, among the derivatives, there are the aspectual verb forms: hiruŋchildey [хируңчилдэй] – "to start moving, to start sliding" formed with the suffix -l meaning the start of action; hiruŋxhischidey [хируңчисчидэй] – "to try to slide" formed with the indicator -schi meaning the attempt, the desire to take action; the derivative hiruŋchisendey [хируңчисэндэй] – "to have moved (on itself)" having the suffix -sen denoting the instantaneity of an action.

The vocal forms: hiruŋchivkendey [хируңчивкэндэй] – "to put in motion, to make sth roll down"; hiruŋchivkettey [хируңчивкэттэй] – "to put into motion, to move, to push, to roll sth, to start a motor" are formed through the causative suffixes -vken, -vket and denote the enforced action.

The derived nouns denote the names of action: hiruŋchin, hiruŋchinmey [хируңчин, хируңчинмэй] having the same meaning "movement, moving, riding".

The third step has two paradigms made up of the noun derivatives of the name of the action:

HIRUŊCHIVKENDEY [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭНДЭЙ] to put in motion, to make sth roll down

HIRUŊCHIVKE/N [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭ/Н] the act of putting in motion, movement

HIRUŊCHIVKE/NMEY [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭ/НМЭЙ] the act of putting in motion, movement

HIRUŊCHIVKETTEY [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭТТЭЙ] to put into motion, to move, to push, to roll sth, to start a motor

HIRUŊCHIVKE/CHI/N [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭ/ЧИ/Н] the act of putting in motion, movement

HIRUŊCHIVKE/CHI/NMEY [ХИРУҢЧИВКЭ/ЧИ/НМЭЙ] the act of putting in motion, movement

Conclusion

This way, the size of the word family based on hirundey [хирундэй] forms 31 derivatives. The author determined six derivational paradigms based on verbs, high efficiency at the second step of word-building is noted.

Aspectual and vocal forms of the verb (19) make up the greater part, and nouns (12) are derived from them. Of the twelve new nouns, ten denote the name of the action. Derivatives formed with the help of aspectual verb forms indications are semantically enriched, representing various characteristics of the course of action, such as phases, multiplicity, intensity, desirability, imitation, and the direction of movement. The derivatives formed through the vocal verb forms indications denote the way action is related to the subject (the one taking action) and the object (affected by the action). New derivatives keep the semantic meaning of the word-family's base – the action verb hirundey [хирундэй] and belong to the verbs of the way of action, denoting movement across the surface.