СИНОНИМИЯ И ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ДУБЛЕТ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

Introduction

Synonymy, as a linguistic phenomenon, is the result of practical human activity. As such, it represents extremely great linguistic richness [9, P. 163-166]. It enables a person to express more deeply, more clearly, and more beautifully thoughts, feelings, and the world around him/her. The appearance of synonyms in the language is directly related to the constant change and development of the language [8, P. 4]. At the general language level, it is difficult to study the terminological lexicon in synonymous relations as separate units, only if they are viewed as integrated lexicon in the general lexicon. [12, P. 210-211].

In the “Leksikologjia e gjuhës shqipe” [15] [Thomai], the notion “synonym” is given: “as words close in meaning but different in pronunciation”. During the further elaboration of issues of synonyms, the synonymous words that express the same meaning are separated from these as a separate group. These are called absolute synonyms or lexical doublets. Thus, in synonymous relations between words, it is noticed, even when words are united on the basis of semantic value within the semantic structure of the word, as well as outside it (e.g., shoh - shqyrtoj - studioj = see - examine - study [an issue], shoh - ndjek = see - follow [an exhibition], etc.), they support and illuminate each other. This means that, in order to create synonymous relationships between words, they must be related in some way to each other on the basis of closeness or semantic value.

In addition to synonyms that are not words with a completely identical meaning but that are distinguished from each other by a certain point of view in language, there are also words with the same meaning, which are not distinguished from the current situation from any point of view. These synonyms are called absolute synonyms or lexical doublets. Absolute synonyms are fewer in number than other synonyms and are often temporary and transient in the language system, e.g., linguistikë - gjuhësi = linguistics, ortografi - drejtshkrim = orthography, llogaritje - të - llogariturit = calculation, hapje - të - hapurit = opening, vështrim - të - vështruarit = view, etc. 

The term “dublet” (doublet) it is not included in the dictionary of 1980. Instead, the term “dysorë” [4, P.395] is included in the dictionary of 2006 [5, P. 221]. From a synchronous point of view, dichotomies are an excessive burden on language, while from a diachronic point of view, they can become lexical means of differentiating the meaning of words and thus become relative synonyms.

The emergence of synonymous terms (doublets) in the terminology of economics

Given the fact that the term expresses the notion, and the notion is also presented in elaborated linguistic forms, then terminological doublets are terminological formations which, in the composition of the pair (range), can be both one-word terms and phrase terms. Thus, existing native language words raised in level of terms create pairs of doublets with foreign terms, like: i lugët – konkav (concave), i mysët – konveks (convex), dukuri – fenomen (phenomenon), trajtë – formë (shape), lakore – kurbë (curve), shtysë – impuls (impulse), kusht – konditë (condition), aplikoj – zbatoj – implementoj (implement), denduri – dendësi – densitet (density), trust – mirëbesim (trust), kliring – spastrim – shlyerje (clearing), boshatisje – zbrazje – shterje (emptying),  kolateral – garanci e kredisë (credit guarantee), procesim direkt – përpunim i drejtpërdrejtë (direct processing), broker importi  – ndërmjetës i importit (import broker), etc. Therefore, by unambiguously marking the object, phenomenon or notion, one of the doublets pairs can be definitively removed from use, and one of them can be left for the permanent naming of the notion. This is one side of the problem. The other, more important question is which of the two should be removed.

Reasons for synonymous terms (doublets) of synonymy in the terminology of economics are different [9, P. 163-166]:

1) They can be created in the course of the development and formation of terminology when an attempt is made to introduce into language the most appropriate foreign or native term. Here can be brought cases of doublets connections, which can be the most extreme manifestations of the creation of synonymy in the relevant field, due to the competition of both foreign and native terms in the course of time, like: asistencë sociale kujdes shoqëror (social care); arkëtime nga shitja likuiditete të shitjes (sales liquidity); bilanc përfundimtar bilanc inventari (final balance); ekonomi shumëformëshe ekonomi shumësektorëshe (multi-sector economy); koeficient normativ koeficient i planifikuar (normative coefficient); mall send artikull (article); mbiproduksion mbitaksë (overproduction); kundërvlerë kundërpagesë (counter-value); parapagesë parapagim paradhënie (prepaid); qarkullim monetar  qarkullim i parasë (cash circulation); shpronësoj zhdoganoj (expropriation), etc. 

2) They emerge as a result of the development of concepts, the rise of new concepts, and the emergence of old concepts from language: avansë   paradhënie (advance payments), cirkulacion qarkullim (circulation), inkasim arkëtim (collection), likuidim shlyerje (liquidation), reduksion (i çmimeve)  zbritje (e çmimeve) - (discount of prices), etc.

3) During efforts to introduce native terms into terminology that, as a process, can be doubly assessed:

As an overload of terminology, which creates confusion in communication, but also as a way of perfecting terminology, when native terms are actually more appropriate than foreign terms and thus respond to the terms attributes, such as ambiguity, accuracy, etc. As an example in Albanian, we can bring the gradual avoidance of doublets units following the times until today, but also their zigzag path: abandonim braktisje (abandonment); abrogim shfuqizim (abrogation); adapting përshtatje (adaptation); preferencë parapëlqim (preference); priority përparësi (priority); kompensim përplotësim (compensation); legal-e i ligjëshëm (legal); grand fond ndihme (grant); evazion fiskal shmangie nga pagimi i taksave (tax evasion); tender ofertë sipërmarrjeje (tender) ; seleksionim i përzgjedhje (selection); interpelancë kundërpërgjigje (motion); donacion dhurim (donation); multilateral-e shumëpalësh (multilateral);   advisor këshilldhënës (advisor); analizë e performansës analizë e sendërtimit (performance analysis); bankë nacionale bankë kombëtare (national bank); çmim fiks çmim i prerë (fixed price); çmim variabil çmim i ndryshueshëm (variable price); ekonomi nacionale  ekonomi kombëtare (national economy);  formular blank formular i paplotësuar (blank form); grup representativ grup përfaqësues (representative group); grup target grup i synuar/grup-cak (target group); kamuflazhë maskim (camouflage); klasifikim inicial klasifikim fillestar (initial classification); kontroll sanitare kontroll shëndetësore (sanitary control);  supervizor  mbikëqyrës (supervisor), etc.

The terminology of economics in Albanian as a terminology of the language of a developing country, in comparison to developed languages (English, French, German, and Russian) as languages of developed countries and with international reach, should be characterized, as well as realistically characterized, from a multivariate of terms for marking different concepts that appear in the form of doublets pairs, but sometimes also of doublets ranges, as we have illustrated above [10, P. 59]. If this terminology is viewed in its current state, it can be observed that, in general, the amount of doublet terms has been decreasing, especially compared to the past, when it was in the process of development and consolidation. However, some terms were introduced, especially in texts, creating a new situation in the creation of doublet terms, since both types of terms, both foreign and Albanian, were used in parallel or with each other as primary and the other as secondary, for example: llogaritës and kalkulator (calculator), ndihmës drejtori and asistent drejtori (assistant director), transaksion dypalësh and transaksion bilateral (bilateral transaction), organizatë biznesore and organizatë afariste (business organization), kesh biznes and tregti me para në dorë (cash business), databazë and bazë e të dhënave (database), benefite ekonomike and përfitime ekonomike (economic benefits), menaxher gjeneral dhe drejtues i përgjithshëm (general manager), çmim inicial and çmim fillestar (initial price), limit çmimi and kufi i çmimit (price limit), reduktim çmimi and ulje çmimi (price reduction), aprovim i projektit and miratim i projektit (project approval), target and pikësynim (target), etc. 

In order to more clearly observe the functioning of the phenomenon of synonymy, by putting the Albanian language first, it is necessary to look at the emergence of synonymous terms in dealing with each other in one language (Albanian) and in dealing with another language (English), as follows:

At the general language level, it is difficult to study the terminological lexicon in synonymous relations as separate units, only if they are viewed as integrated lexicon in the general lexicon. With time, one of the synonyms can go out of use or be meaningfully removed from the other word, becoming a synonym with a close meaning to it.

In the terminology of economics, synonymous relations are built on the basis of semantic equivalence, and as such, they affect the system, although they appear for intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic causes, which lead to their inevitable appearance.

The terminology of economics in the Albanian language followed step-by-step the development of economics and socio-economic sciences in the entire Albanian area. It was built, developed, and enriched continuously in the lexical-semantic direction, as well as in the structural-word-formation direction, always using the word-forming tools of Albanian and its rich treasure, in addition to rebuilding the meaning of words and terms and expanding, narrowing, or re-understanding them.

Unfortunately, it can be noted that after the opening of Albania to the world (1990) and Kosovo (1999), the introduction of market economy and globalization processes, there is some limitation in the work for the standardization of the field in question, which has led either to the banning of work for the elimination of doublet terms or the return of foreign terms, especially derived from English and Italian (or parallel uses of both foreign and Albanian terms).