ТЮРКО-МОНГОЛЬСКИЕ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ В СОСТАВЕ КОМПЛЕКСА РЫБОЛОВЧЕСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ МОНГОЛЬСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ

As is well-known, Turkic and Mongolian ethnic groups have resided in Central Asia in close vicinity and contacted with each other since ancient times. The Turkic ethnic group historically inhabited in the middle of the living area, covering the south of steppe areas and treed mountains and foothills of the north while the Mongolian ethnic group lived in the eastern part of the region in forest-steppe and mountainous areas. The geography of the place predetermined ways of doing business, providing for people's survival needs. Nomad dairy cattle breeding was widely practiced in the steppe regions, although the Turkic tribes also used hunting and fishing. The Mongolian tribes did not originally practice nomad dairy cattle breeding and were primarily engaged only in hunting and fishing. Later, after the Mongolian tribes came in closer contact with the Turkic tribes and mastered the middle part of Central Asia, they adopted the habit of nomad dairy cattle breeding while maintaining their traditional skills of hunting and fishing. In this article, we would like to look at Mongolian terms related to the fish industry in more detail to identify Turkish-Mongolian parallels if there are any. We used all available dictionaries of ancient Turkic and Mongolian languages to perform this research, namely:  "Unabridged Academic Mongolian-Russian Dictionary" in 4 volumes (2001-2002), "Buryat-Russian Dictionary" in 2 volumes [8], "Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary" (1977), "Kalmyk-German Dictionary” by Gustaf Ramstedt [13], "Mongolian-English Dictionary" by Ferdinand Lessing [12], "Old Turkic Dictionary" [5].

The fish industry vocabulary includes the names of means of transportation used on water, objects of fisheries, fishing methods, and fishing techniques.

Before the invention of boats in ancient times,  raft had been the only means of transportation used while fishing, and it was called сал in all Mongolian languages (neuter gender.: Khalkha Mong., Kalmyk сал, Steppe-Mong. sal, Buryat hal ). The same word can be found in Turkic languages: Turk. sal which means "raft made of wineskins" is widespread in all Turkic languages as evidenced by "The Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic languages. Dictionary "[7, p. 537], which also provides its Turkic protoform *sa:l. This word form allows us to draw a very distinct Turkish-Mongolian parallel.

As for the fishing object names, it should be noted that Turkic and Mongolian ethnic groups each developed its own system of fish names, because both tribes practiced it independently. It can be clearly seen when we compare these terms. Thus, fish in the Mongolian language has the following names: Khalkha Mong. загас, Kalmyk загаhан, Steppe-Mong. ǰiγasun. In Turkic languages, both in ancient and modern versions, there is only one word denoting fish balyқ as evidenced by "The Сomparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 177]. Although, these are completely different terms in their origin, we can find traces of the Turkish term penetration in some Mongol languages and dialects. Thus, in Alaró-Unginsk Buryat language dialect there is a word балаг which means "minnow" [Budaev 1978: 179], the same word can be found in Nizhneudinsk Buryat language dialect - балак "minnow" [Rassadin 1988: 70; 1999: 128] while in the Kalmyk language there is the term кет балг translated as "carp." The same Turkic word can be traced in the Oka Buryat language dialect in the word form of балюуhан which stands for "small fish, minnow," as well as in Darkhat dialect of the Mongolian language in the form of балиус "small grayling." The prototype of both Buryat балюуhан and Darkhat балиус is *baliγusun, which dates back to its protoform *balїγusun. The development of this word and its adaptation to Turkic language happened the following way: Turk. balїq "fish" +  Mongolian derivational affix -sun with inserted vowel -u- > *balїγusun > *baliγusun > *bali´usun > *baliuusun > *baliuuhun [Rassadin 1996: 146].

There is a Turkic parallel in the form of Tuvan кадыргы, Tofalar, Soyot, Uighur-Tsaatan and Uighur-Uryankhay қадырғы "grayling" to such Mongolian words as: Khalkha Mong. хадар, Buryat хадара, хадаран, Steppe-Mong. qadara "grayling", Kalmyk хадрң "roach (fish)."

The obvious Turkic borrowing in the Kalmyk language is the word сазн "carp", which is widely represented in Turkic languages in the form of сазан and сазған "carp" as evidenced by "The Comparative and Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 179], which provides the protoform of this Turkic word in the form of *sa:zgan.

The Turkic word for perch алабуға is to some extent typologically similar to Khalkha Mongolian word for perch алгана, Buryat алгана, Steppe-Mong. alaγana formed with the help of the Mongolian word-forming affix -γana from Turkic-Mongolian adjective ала "pied, striped," which describes the appearance of perch well as it is a barred fish. The Turkic name for perch алабуға (the word presumably means "striped bull" because of the hump in the front part of the perch's body as its characteristic feature) is also formed from the same Turkic-Mongolian adjective ала meaning "pied, striped." This word form can be found in many Turkic languages as evidenced by "The Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 178], which dates back to its Turkic protoform *alabuga.

Turkic parallels also include Khalkha Mong. май загас, Kalmyk мә, Old Mongolian mai "herring", comparable with the Turkic word май "fat, lard, butter" widely represented in Turkic languages, as evidenced by "The Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages" [11, p. 13-14]. One of the main features of herring is its fat, which helps to justify the comparison. Therefore, the Turks call herring май балык meaning "fatty fish, fat fish."

These are probably all Turkic-Mongolian correspondences in the names of fish we managed to find as the main names of fish that have commercial value developed separately both in Turkic and Mongolian languages. The names of fish suggest that the two ethnic groups were engaged in fishing independently of each other. Thus, in the Khalkha Mongolian language there are such names as хилэм (Burytat хилмэ, Steppe-Mong. qilime) «sturgein», тул (Buryat тула, Steppe-Mong.  tulu) «taimen»,  зэвээ~зэвэг (Buryat зэбгэн, Steppe-Mong.  ǰebege) «calliopsis», цагаан загас (Buryat hэлбэрүүhэн, hэлбэрhэн, hэлбэрүүн, Steppe-Mong.  čaγan ǰiγasun) «cisco», цурхай (Buryat сурхай, Steppe-Mong.  čuraqai) «pike», гутаарь (Buryat гутаар, Steppe-Mong. gutari) «burbot», цулбуурт загас (Buryat сулбуурта заhаhан, Steppe-Mong.  čulburtu ǰiγasun) «catfish»,  зоодой загас (Buryat зоодой, Steppe-Mong. ǰodoi) «crucian», хайга (Steppe-Mong. qajiγa) «bream», мөрөг (Steppe-Mong. mӧrükü) «carp», хөөлөнтий (Buryat хөөлэнтии, Steppe-Mong. kӧgelentei) «crucian», хэлтэг загас (Steppe-Mong. keltege ǰiγasun) «crucian», улаан нүдэн (Buryat улаан нюдэн, Steppe-Mong. ulaγan nidün) «roach», башинга загас (Steppe-Mong. bašingγ-a) «vobla», ярга  (Steppe-Mong. irγ-a) «nelma», яргай (Steppe-Mong. irγai) «humpback salmon», хулд загас (Steppe-Mong.  quludu) «trout», жараахай (Buryat жараахай, Steppe-Mong. ǰiraγaqai) «juvenile fish», түрс (Buryat түрьhэн, Steppe-Mong. türisün) «fish roe». The Kalmyk language has its own names for fish: бекр «sturgeon», цоохр «starry sturgeon», хорв «great sturgeon», шигрлү «sterlet», цевн «inconnu», цурх «pike», җаал «catfish», шөрәкә «perch», үкрдә «tench», башаңhа «vobla», ботаха «pike perch», цуув «bream», хөөндә «asp», уланҗа «redeye», тул «taimen».

Since ancient Turks originally lived within the steppes of Central Asia, the foothills, and mountains of the Altai and Sayan, they could catch only the fish found in the rivers and lakes of these places. This area is not very rich in fish due to its climate. The most widespread types of fish here include sturgeons (*sebrük), taimen (*bel), grayling (кадырғы), calliopsis (*byŋyt), pike (*čortan), perch (*alabuga), burbot (Tuvan мезил, Tofalar бесил), catfish (*ja:jyn), carp (*sa:zgan) and roach (*čapak). It is evidenced by the protoforms of the names of these fish listed in "The Comparative Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 177-179]. The Turks got acquainted with other types of fish later in Middle Asia, Ural, Volga region, near the Volga River and the Caspian, Black and Mediterranean Seas, as they gradually moved into these lands and settled there. Therefore, new names of different fish species previously unknown to the Turks entered the Turkic language. There are especially many new names in the language of those Turks who live on the banks of the Volga River and at the seaside.

As for fishing, it should be noted that ancient Turks and ancient Mongols did not have many different techniques and methods of catching fish. They used different types of nets, fishing rods, and cross lines. However, despite all the similarities of these realia every ethnic group developed its own independent vocabulary related to fishing tackles and gears. Thus, in the Khalkha Mongolian we can see certain variety in the names of these objects. In their language there are such names as говчуур ~ гувчуур "big fishing net, large seine net, push-net" (Steppe-Mong. γobčiγur), гөлөм "seine, net" (Steppe-Mong. gӧlim), тор "fishing net" (Steppe-Mong. toor), өөш "fishing net, seine" (Steppe-Mong. ӧgeši) хахуул (Steppe-Mong. qaqaγul) “rod, self-activating trap, cross line with hooks for fishing", хялмаа (Steppe-Mong. kilmaγ-a) “self-activating trap, cross line put across a river", гүр (Steppe-Mong. gür) "basket trap", гахуулийн иш, загасны уурга "rod", шилбүүр, дээгэний иш "rod", гахуулийн шижим "fishing line", гөөш (Steppe-Mong. gӧgeši), гөхий (Steppe-Mong. gӧki), "fishing hook, fishing rod," загасны дэгээ (Steppe-Mong. ǰiγasun-u degege), хахууль (Steppe-Mong. γaqaγuli) "fishing hook."

In the Buryat language, there are not many fish terms. For example, гүльмэ "net", губшуур, зүдхэ "seine", гүр "fishing trap",  хахуули "rod",  хахуулиин эшэ, хахуулиин урга "rod", хахуулиин шэжэм "fishing line", дэгээ, гохо, хилмаан "fishing hook" . In addition, Khalkha Mongols and Buryats practiced the use of harpoon for the production of fish called seree in Khalkha Mong. (Steppe-Mong. serege), hэрээ in Buryat. Harpoon was typically used while fishing at night.

Kalmyks basically had two types of economic activity after their migration to the left bank of the Volga River steppe. Derbets settled in the steppe zone and continued to breed cattle kept on pasture, Torguts settled on the right bank of Volga and while continuing their traditional nomad cattle breeding they also mastered a kind of a business new for Kalmyks - fishing on the Volga River and the Caspian Sea. They carried out commercial fishing using seines and nets mainly and they were called: шүүгүл "seine", гөлм "net" in the Kalmyk language. Fishing was performed on boats, called oңhts. The very process of fishing was called заhсна аңнлhн, заhсна бәрлhн in the Kalmyk language. The Kalmyks used rods called гахуль. The butt of the fishing rod was called hахулин иш, the fishing line - hахулин бүч, the fishing hook - заhсна дегә. Modern Kalmyks use fishing gears borrowed from the Russians and other Europeans - for example, spinnings, lures, artificial flies, special bait etc. The use of harpoons was unknown to Kalmyks, the word серә means "fork" in the Kalmyk language (like in cutlery). The word серээ ~ серәә found in some Siberian Turkic languages such as, for example, Tuvan, Tofalar, Soyot  was clearly borrowed from the Mongolian language.

There is another Turkic-Mongolian parallel related to fishing gears related to the Khalkha Mongolian word denoting "a fishing net" - тор, which coincides with the ancient Turkic word tor ~ to:r "net, snare". This word is used in almost all Turkic languages in the form of тор, тоор, дор, тур meaning "fishing net, net for catching birds" as evidenced by "The Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 419-420], where it is assumed that this Turkic word was borrowed from the Mongolian language. In our opinion, it is highly doubtful, since it is not widely used in Mongolian languages. The same book [7, p. 421] suggests the connection between Steppe-Mong. gӧki "fishing hook" and Turkic *kӧk, which can be traced in some Turkic languages; it also suggests the usage of this word in Altai languages. Other Turkic-Mongolian parallels in this layer of the Mongolian vocabulary have not yet been identified.

In all Turkic languages, there are not so many words related to fishing. For example, "The Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Dictionary" [7, p. 418-421] provides the following fishing terms restored from ancient Turkic language: *aγ  “net, seine”, *to:r “net, seine”, tuγ “mash for fishing, fishing trap”, *kӧk “fishing hook”. In modern Turkic languages there are such words as  ағ ~ ав ~ ау ~ уу “net for catching fish and birds, snare, drag-net”, тор ~ дор ~ тур “net, seine; web; lace”, туғ ~ дуғ ~ туу which have different meanings in different languages “obstacle, heap; dam; pond; mash for fishing; fishing trap”. The etymology of all these words can be traced in Turkic languages. In addition, all Turkic languages have the word қarmaқ or қарбақ, қарвақ, хармах meaning "rod; hook, harpoon"; to know more about the Turkic etymology see "The Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages" [11, p. 309-311]. In addition, Turkic languages, localized in different areas, each use their own terms related to fishing. For example, Tuvan people call both bait and hook сырткыыш, Tofalars use a variety of fishing gears: четки "fishing net", сүген "fishing trap", hөtpe "fishing rod, fishing hook", тыртқы "special harpoon for catching big fish", серәә "harpoon for night fishing",  hалюур "special trough made of poles, put on the dam across the mountain river during autumn fish rolling."

As can be seen from this review, both Mongolian and Turkic languages have very few common terms related to fisheries, not only among the names of fish species, but also among the names of fishing gears and fishing techniques. This suggests that fishing as a means of food production is one of the oldest businesses of both Mongolian and Turkic people. At the same time, both Mongols and Turks developed their own fishing terminology, which suggests their independence from each other in the formation of these ethnic groups in prehistoric times.