СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РОДО-ВИДОВОЙ ГРУППЫ «НАЗВАНИЯ ПАСТУХОВ-ОЛЕНЕВОДОВ» В ЯЗЫКЕ ОЛЮТОРСКИХ КОРЯКОВ

As it was rightly pointed out by a well-known Northern studies scholar, ethnographer and linguist S.N.Stebnitskiy, reindeer breeder is a northern herdsman, whose life is provided for by his own property, a herd of reindeer, while the life of a seaside Koryak is provided for worse than the life of a reindeer herder. The provision of maritime hunters or fishermen depends on a series of natural conditions – on the abundance of fish and marine animals in a given season, in particular. Reindeer breeders, however, can regulate their own well-being. Breeders often say “Our food walks around us,” while hunters have to go far into the tundra or on the sea ice to get their food. [9, p. 75]

According to S.N.Stebnitskiy, the main difference between reindeer herders of two types (Chavchuvens and Alutors) lies in the fact that for Chavchuvens a reindeer is an animal, which is the foundation of their lives (it provides them with food, material for clothing, shelter, transportation), they hardly ever go fishing, except for relatively few cases when they fish at theirs summer camps. However, they make no storage for the winter – they catch fish for daily livelihood, while all of their economic activities are subordinated to the needs of reindeer herds. Essential products of the offshore operation are exchanged for with seaside Koryaks, for example, seal skins for shoe soles and belts, seal oil necessary for lighting etc. [9, p. 68]

Reindeer breeding of Alutors (compared to Chavchuven reindeer breeding), according to S.N.Stebnitskiy: “...has grown on the basis of already existing maritime hunting and fishing economies. So, for Alutors reindeer breeding plays the role of an auxiliary branch of the economy.” [9, p. 71]

The above mentioned differences in the economic activity of both Chavchuvens and Alutors can be easily traced in the languages of these people. In this article we will consider the similarities and differences in the names of the reindeer herders among Chavchuvens (a nomadic group of the Koryaks) and Alutors ((semi-)settled group of the Koryaks). The following vocabulary group is described in various works based on the materials of different languages: Lappish (Ershtadt A.M., 2014), Khanty (Onin S.V. 2002), Chukchi (Kulikova I.V., 1984), Chavchuven dialect of the Koryak language (Megumi Kurebito, 2009). However, there is no specific study of the Alutor dialect, which explains the relevance of the chosen topic. The object of the present study is reindeer breeding vocabulary in the language of Alutor Koryak, which includes the hypero-hyponymic group (hereinafter HHG) “Names of Reindeer Herders.” The subject of the study contains simple, incorporative lexical units which denote the names of herders. The aim of this paper is to describe the names of reindeer herders and identify the structure of the organization of the vocabulary group under consideration. Materials for the study include field notes made by the author during his expeditions to such villages of the Kamchatka Krai as Tilichiki, Vyvenka (hereinafter Vvn), Khailino and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (hereinafter P-K) within the period of time from 2009 to 2016. We studied lexicographical sources [1; 2; 3; 5; 7] with the help of the continuous sampling method. Sign : stands for variant names, sign = denotes synonyms. Vladimir Mihaylovich Nutayulgin provided us with invaluable advice in the process of writing – he is an expert in his native language from Vyvenka. For many years he has been working in the field of radio and television broadcasting in his native languages.

The generic word of HHG “Names of Reindeer Herders” is ра́мкын (ра – house, -мкын – group, community) – camp of reindeer herders [7, p. 287]. Гру́ппа дамо́ф, сто́йбище, о́пщиства люде́й, брига́да, ста́да качю́ит и вес’ каликти́ф люде́й вме́сти, брига́да пастухо́ф. [P-К]

The main distinctive feature (hereinafter DF) of this HHG is its “Executive function” – the role of the reindeer herder-breeder in the activities of the entire camp, brigade. Specific lexical units include:

Ӈалвы́лгʼылгʼын (ӈалвы́л – herd, a herd of reindeer, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – the owner of the herd, the master of the camp; the one, who owns and disposes of the reindeer herd (this word is not provided in lexicographical sources).

Ӄура́ӈталгʼын (ӄу́ра – reindeer, ӈыта́кки – walk, follow the reindeer, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – reindeer herder-breeder, who herds reindeer in the daytime (this word is not provided in lexicographical sources).

Тыю́лгʼын (тыю́кки – watch, guard, supervise, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”)  – herder-guard, who watches reindeer at night [7, p. 298]. Начно́й был тыю́лˀын, а днём като́рый был ӄура́ӈталˀын. Вот два вре́мини су́так, ади́н на́ нач’, ади́н днём. Э́тат, как пра́вила, ӄура́ӈталˀын пастая́нна, ка́ждый ден’ выхади́л, а тыю́лˀу чи́риз ден’ миня́лис’, чи́риз ноч’. Ат тыю́кки стире́ч’, карау́лит’, а ӄура́ӈтак, ну, ӄура́wwи и йыты́кки – тот, кто, йиво́ так чафчувэ́ны пириво́дят – ӄура́wwи йыты́кки, за але́нями хади́т’, то́ йис’ ани́, ви́дима, ухади́ли и але́ней забира́ли, привади́ли, приганя́ли пато́м дамо́й. Хатя́ ни абиза́тил’на, што ани́ э́тим занима́лис’, про́ста типе́р’ така́я у них абя́заннаст’ была́. И́ли дажэ́ ӄура́ ӈыта́к, ӄу́раӈ, е́сли э́та сло́ва сюда́, ӈыта́кки – э́та настига́т’, заивля́цца. Как ра́н’шы на саривнава́ния то́жы притти́, прие́хат’, притти́ на вы́заф и так да́лие, тип таво́. [P-K] Абы́чна вот сюда́ аснавно́й чилаве́к, като́рый панима́ит де́ла, э́та абы́чна, асо́бинна ле́там, аснавно́й чилаве́к, и ф падмо́гу йиму́ ади́н-два чилаве́ка бы́ли. Но́ч’ю – то́ жы са́мое, ади́н ста́рше, а друго́й – памало́же. Хатя́ ф старину́, кагда́ табуны́ бы́ли бал’шы́и, нам расска́зывали, абы́чна щас ади́н-два чилаве́ка там, быва́ит так абы́чна два-три, ре́тк, да́жы бо́льшы два чилаве́ка, а ф старину́, гаваря́т, па во́сим’ чилаве́к, да таво́ табуны́ бы́ли бал’шы́и. [Vvn]

Ӄура́гынтитылгʼын (ӄу́ра – reindeer, гынти́тык – watch, guard, look after, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) : гынти́тысгʼын (гынти́тык – watch, guard, look after, -сгʼын/-лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – herder-guard, watcher [7, p. 253].

Тупа́тысг’ын : тупыгы́лг’ын : тупыгы́лисг’ын (synonym ӄура́гынтитылг’ын : гынти́тысг’ын) – herder-guard, watcher (this word is not provided in lexicographical sources). Ну где́-та ф той ме́снасти, като́рую я сиво́дня рисава́л, там о́чин’ асо́бина ра́н’шы, кагда́ маршру́ты ка́ждаму табуну́ ни апридиля́лис’, и ка́ждый как хате́л, так и качива́л, да́жы ф симидися́тыи го́ды. И вот што́бы вот тут с ке́м-нибу́т’ ни сталкну́ца, ни сли́ца с ке́м-нибу́т’, был вот тако́й чилаве́к тупа́тысˀын. Тупа́тык – тако́е выражэ́ние, забра́цца на виршы́ну со́пки, гары́ и атту́да асматре́цца. [P-K] Ту́пыɣыл’ˀын и́ли ту́пыɣылисˀын – э́та разве́чик, алиниво́т-разве́чик. Звино́, наприме́р, шэс’-сем’ чилаве́к. Ле́там дво́е но́ч’ю, дво́е – днём, пато́м абы́чна ади́н разве́чик, павари́ха, ну, и там бра́ли е́сли пажыло́ва, штоп он там па хазя́йству там драва́ памага́л. [Vvn]

Яльгы́тысьг’ын (я́лгытык – roam, move from place to place, -сг’ын/-лг’ын – suffix which means “living creature”) – person responsible only for the transportation of things during migrations from one place to another one (this word is not provided in lexicographical sources). Пато́м инагда́ ф таки́х каликти́вах ле́тних был йищо́ да́жы ял’ɣы́тыс’ˀын, ат сло́ва я́лгытык – качо́фщик, тот, кто то́л’ка качива́л, то́ йис’ пиривази́л фсё иму́щиства с аднаво́ ме́ста на друго́е, ял’ɣы́тыс’ˀын. Э́та, гаваря́т, у тало́фских бы́ла: дво́е начны́х, дво́е днивны́х и два яльɣы́тыс’ˀу, като́рыи то́л’ка ла́гер’ с ме́ста на ме́ста пиринаси́ли, пра́вда или́ нет. [P-K]

Гʼура́сик – human, young man [7, p. 257]; an assistant of reindeer herders-breeders, handyman (this meaning has apparently become obsolete with time as it is not recorded in the dictionaries). Па́рин’, ю́наша, маладо́й чилаве́к. Мо́жыт быт’, ф старину́ ани́ бы́ли рабо́тники, да́жы и́мя тако́е е́ст’. Ф ска́сках тако́е ча́ста фстрича́ица, вот он стал рабо́тникам, ви́дима, патчинённыи, пацаны́, па́рни, маладёш. Жынихи́ ани́ бы́ли, ф ска́сках ани́ фсё далжны́ бы́ли успива́т’ де́лат’. [P-K]

Милгы́лгʼатысгʼын (милгы́лгʼатык – keep the fire alive, burn fire, -сгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – cook [7, p. 274] (syn.: сепа́тылгʼын (сепа́тык – make tea, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – cook [7, p. 290], куке́вылгʼын (куке́вык – cook, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – cook, responsible for cooking food [7, p. 268]. Вапще́ чумрабо́тница нида́вна паяви́лас’, ф старину́ алиниво́ды шли на ле́та са́ми, биз жэ́н’щин. У них да́жы ме́ста, куда́, ви́дима, пала́так не́ была, ни называ́лас’ там пула́тка, ра́мкын, а называ́лас’ милɣы́лˀатынны – то ме́ста, где жжига́ли кастёр. Ви́дима, ве́щи каки́е ани́ фсё на сибе́ таска́ли, никаки́х в’ю́чных але́ней, ни то́ штоп лашаде́й, фсё на сибе́ такса́ли и жэ́н’щин с сабо́й ни бра́ли. А пато́м ужэ́ да́жы у нас ани́ называ́ли жэ́н’щин «Ми́ɣɣа а́си по́вар туры́кки?», по́вар, да, по́вар. [P-K]

Тэӈа́тылг’ын (тэӈа́тык – store up, stock up fish, -лгʼын – suffix which means “living creature”) – herder, who is left (typically) without any work related to the herd to stock up fish during the summertime (this word is not provided in lexicographical sources). У вы́винских йищо́ был тэӈа́тылˀын, като́рый на ле́та астава́лся у рики́ и загата́вливал ры́бу. Он атнаси́лся абы́чна из э́тих пастухо́ф, като́рый зимо́й палнацэ́нный пасту́х ф ча́сных стада́х, но на ле́та каму́-та нало́вит ры́бу, вот он называ́лся тэӈа́тылˀын. [P-K]

The above given distribution of reindeer breeders among Alutors according to the role they perform in reindeer herding is somewhat different from similar names among Chavchuven reindeer breeders. For example, a foreign linguist and researcher Megumi Kurebito who dealt with the description of various groups of vocabulary in the language of Koryaks-Chavchuvens offers the following distribution of the reindeer herders-breeders:

[11, p. 105]

It is clear from the table that HHG includes two micro groups. DF of the first one is, as is the case with Alutors “Executive function”, is the role of the reindeer herder-breeder in the activities of the entire camp, brigade. DF for the second micro group is “Distribution by seasonal work,” this DF does not exist in the names of the reindeer herders of Alutors. This can be explained by the fact that the second micro-group is headed by the generic word япе́лалгʼын (literally the one, who is left) – it refers to herders, which are usually left without work related to the herd for a certain period of time to carry out different kind of work, other than reindeer herding (mostly stocking up fish). This feature is not relevant for a group of Alutor reindeer herders, since in their economic activities they combine reindeer herding and fishing. This assumption is confirmed by the records of S.N.Stebnitskiy, where it says: “... Alutor reindeer-herders fished not only for daily subsistence in the summertime, but also stocked up sun-cured Pacific salmon for the winter just like their seaside tribesmen. For Chavchuven reindeer breeders the main food consisted of reindeer meat, while for Alutors it was completely different. Alutors say that for them sun-cured Pacific salmon is the same thing as bread is for the Russians. It was their main food, despite the fact that they were engaged in reindeer herding as well – their main provision was sun-cured Pacific salmon, not reindeer meat... All Alutor reindeer herders-breeders were also engaged in marine fishing. In the spring, before the start of the fish run, families of Alutor reindeer breeders moved to the coast and put one of the yaranga camps or tents there. From here they moved to the sea ice on sleds pulled by dogs and hunted for seals.” [9, p. 69-70] Thus, lexical units presented in the work of Megumi Kurebito to indicate herders, whose activities are distributed over the seasons outside the herd (ано́твалгʼын – herder left for the summertime, ӈайӈа́йытвалгʼын – herder left for the autumn, лыӄле́ӈычгʼылгʼын – herder left for the winter), cannot be found in the language of Alutor Koryaks. All of these lexical units are used instead of one word тэӈа́тыгʼын – herder who is left (typically) without work related to the herd for the summertime to stock up fish.

We can find clear correspondences in the structure of division of Chavchuven reindeer breeders according to the role they perform in reindeer herding in the above mentioned group of Alutor reindeer herders, while there are also some minor differences:

Below there is a table containing names of reindeer herders-breeders in the language of Alutor Koryaks.

Thus, we analyzed 15 lexical units – the names of reindeer herders-breeders in the language of Alutor Koryaks. 7 of these lexical units (they comprise 46.7% of the total number of words) helped us to find meanings not recorded in lexicographical sources. We specified the semantics of one of the lexical units which is not provided in the dictionary as well. This HHG has a hypero-hyponymic organizational structure, within which we can trace the relationship of synonymy (ӄура́гынтитылгʼын = тупа́тысгʼын – herder-guard, watcher; милгы́лгʼатысгʼын = сепа́тылгʼын = куке́вылгʼын – cook), as well as find variants (ӄура́гынтитылгʼын : гынтитысгʼын – herder-guard, watcher; тупа́тысгʼын : тупыгы́лгʼын : тупыгы́лисгʼын – herder-guard, watcher). Despite the fact that herding and breeding is an auxiliary branch of economy for the group of Alutor Koryak languages (they borrowed it from the Chavchuven reindeer herders), it forms its own structure and the names used by Alutor Koryaks are different from the names of the Chavchuven reindeer herders who perform a particular role at reindeer farms.