РОДО-ВИДОВАЯ ГРУППА «НАЗВАНИЯ МЕДВЕДЕЙ» В ИДИОЛЕКТЕ КАМЧАДАЛА

Научная статья
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18454/RULB.8.17
Выпуск: № 4 (8), 2016
PDF

Аннотация

В статье рассмотрен лексический состав родо-видовой группы «Названия медведей» в идиолекте камчадала Абакумова С.А. (1938 – 2009), жителя поселка Мильково Камчатского края. Выявлена структурная организация родо-видовой группы с учетом дифференциальных признаков (пол, возраст, тип питания). Определены наиболее типичные отношения названий внутри группы в идиолекте: отношения синонимии, объединяющие общерусские и диалектные слова.

The way vocabulary is organized into thematic classes is determined by the peculiarities of life and human activity in a certain area: the Kamchatka region has been traditionally engaged in fishing and hunting. Thus, the names of these types of activities are very well represented in Kamchadal dialects [1, p.34]. As the names in certain thematic groups in the speech of a dialect speaker (hunting and fishing vocabulary) are very detailed while other thematic groups are limited, we can come to a conclusion that there are dominant activities in human life.

Kamchadals are “Russian-speaking metisized population, the descendants of the marriages between indigenous northern people and Russians” [6].

We considered the fragment of the thematic group encompassing hunting vocabulary in the idiolect of indigenous Kamchadal Abakumov Sergey Alexandrovich (1938-2009), the resident of Milkovo village.

We identified the following basic, most extensive thematic groups in individual speech of a dialect speaker:

  • vocabulary related to flora and fauna – includes the names of birds, fish, domestic and wild animals, their usage in the household, as well as the names of trees, plants, fungi, mosses, etc.;
  • domestic, household vocabulary – includes the names of household items, tools for fishing and hunting, etc.
  • meteorological vocabulary – names of objects and phenomena in the environment.

Generic groups (hereinafter – GG) in the idiolect are structured in accordance with the point of view of a particular person concerning this area of life, as evidenced by the quantitative amount of certain GG and the quality of their content.

GG under study, namely “Bear”, with a common generic notion медведь (bear) is included into the lexical-semantic subgroup “Names of Wild Animals” and is the most extensive group of words among the rest of GG denoting names of wild animals. It is primarily determined by hunting on bears, the necessity to give them names according to different characteristics: Their gender, age, type of food, etc.

“When we say ‘generic relationships in the language’ we mean the relationships between several members, counter posed to the volume of meanings. Words denoting generic concepts contain the whole complex of characteristics, which comprise the meaning of a generic word, plus some additional semantic features, which narrow the volume of the meaning of differentiating words of both generic and specific character” [3, p. 149].

This group of words is generic, because it contains a generic lexical unit, a hyperonym медве́дь (bear.) This lexical unit is all-Russian and has the following meaning in the literary language (hereinafter – LL): “A large carnivorous, omnivorous mammal with a large overweight, body covered with thick hair, and short legs” [5, vol. 2, p. 242]. In this sense, the lexical unit медве́дь (bear) is used to refer to an animal, regardless of its gender.

И медве́дю-то на́до ку́шать, а там наро́д везде́ круго́м. Медведе́й сейча́с фсех распуга́ли, нигде́ не найдёшь. Ра́ньше, мо́жет, медве́ди и выходи́ли, когда́ ма́ленькая дере́вня была́. Медве́ть не зале́зет на де́рево. Про́ще фсево́ добыва́ть медве́дя. (And the bear has to eat something, and there are people everywhere. The bears have scared them all away, you will find no one. Earlier, perhaps, bears have come out, when the village was small. The bear would not climb a tree. It is easier to get the bear.)

All other names of the bears used by Abakumov S.A. in his speech can be divided into several groups based on their differentiating characteristics.

1. We identified a group of lexical units that name bears on the basis of their gender. This group can be divided into two subgroups: Names of male bears (саме́ц, медве́дь, медведи́шка, сика́ч) and the names of female bears (медве́дица, са́мочка, медве́дка, мату́шка, мату́ха, мать, ма́мка).

 Lexical units саме́ц (male) and са́мочка (female) are all-Russian and can be used in relation to others animals as well, when it is necessary to indicate the gender of an animal. When we say “all-Russian word” we rely on the definition given by Ilyinskaya N.G. in her work “All-Russian Words and Their Lexicological Aspect,” “An all-Russian word in a dialect is a conventional name of a lexical unit which has the same form of expression, functioning in LL and dialects. At that, they are not borrowings from LL or any other sources” [3, p.  29]. The dictionary provides the following definition of the word саме́ц (male): “A male individual” [5, vol. 4, p. 16]. This lexical unit has the same meaning in the speech of a dialect speaker.

The female bear is on its own, and here is a healthy male. He began to shoot, the female bear disappeared in the rocks, while the male bear was still flouncing.

Lexical unit са́мочка (diminutive of the word “female”) is made up from the word “самка” (female) and suffix “–очк.” This word has the same meaning in the idiolect, as the lexical unit “самка” (female) in LL: “A female individual” [5, vol. 4, p. 16].

Са́мочка, дети́шки, они же любопы́тные, к тебе́ бегу́т, обню́хивают. Са́мочка поумне́й. Ма́льчик поспокойне́й, а са́мочка с детьми́ любопы́тные. (Female, kids, they are all curious, they run to you, sniff you. Females are more intelligent. Boys are quieter, while a female and kids are curious.)

а.  Names of male bears.

Apart from the name of the animal (медведь – bear), regardless of the gender, male or female, lexical unit медве́дь (bear) in the idiolect can be used in a narrower sense as an “a male individual” becoming the synonym of the lexical unit саме́ц (male).

Он медве́ть, а она́ мату́шка. Я вида́л, как медве́ди деру́ца. Стара́ца (медведица) от медве́дя уйти́, мо́жет ма́леньких разорва́ть. Стра́шно,  медве́ди деру́ца, рёф то́лько идёт. (He is a bear and she is a female bear. I've seen bears fighting. (Female bear) is trying to leave the bear, can kill the little ones. Scary, the bears are fighting, the roar is loud.)

Lexical unit медведи́шка (bear) is made up from the word “bear” with the usage of a diminutive suffix “–ишк” and is a dialectal synonym of an all-Russian word “bear” (“an individual of a male gender”), making it colloquial.  Дава́йте медведи́шку убьём на мя́со. (Let us kill medvedishka (a bear) for meat.)

The speech of a dialect speaker contains the word “сика́ч(sikach – bear), which, just like the previous lexical unit, has the meaning of “a male individual”, and is quite frequent in Kamchatka dialects. Мы мату́ху с сикачом уби́ли, мату́ха на нас ки́нулась. (We killed matukha (a female bear) and sikach (a male bear), matukha (the female bear) attacked us.)

б. Names of female bears.

Most female bear names in the idiolect of Abakumov S.A. are dialectal. The speech of a dialect speaker is marked with the following lexical units: медве́дица, медве́дка, мату́шка, мату́ха, ма́мка и мать.

 Alternate names contain медве́дица: медведи́ца and have the following generic meaning: “Female bear” [5, v. 2, p. 242].

The lexical unit медве́дица is all-Russian: Уби́ли медве́дицу, а потом уви́дели ма́леньких медвежа́т. (They killed a female bear and then they saw small bear cubs.)

The second alternative of the word медве́дицамедведи́ца is an accentual dialectal alternative. Мату́хамы её так и завёммедведи́ца с малышо́м.(Matukha (female bear) – that's what we call it – a bear with a baby.)

Lexical unit медве́дка (medvedka) is formed with the help of the suffix “–к,” which indicates “femininity” and is derived from the word медведь (male bear.) This lexical unit has the meaning of “A female individual” and is a dialectal synonym to an all-Russian lexical unit “bear.” In all-Russian language the word “медведка” means “an insect of Orthoptera order with a body covered by short velvety hairs, which lives in the ground, and is a pest of agricultural crops” [5, vol. 2, p. 242]. Thus, the word медведка, which is used in the dialect as a “female bear” means a species of insect in literary language (mole cricket) which makes them lexical units with different semantic content. Медве́ткаэто са́мочка медве́дя, а ва́женкау оле́ня. (Medvetka is a female bear and vazhenka is a female deer.)

The speech of Abakumov S.A. contains the lexical unit мату́шка (matushka.) Dictionaries contain this lexical unit: “Old-fashioned, respectful. Mother” [5, vol. 2, p. 236]. In the dialect, the lexical unit мату́шка has the meaning of a “female bear.” Он медве́ть, а она́ мату́шка. Смо́трим, сика́ч и мату́шка, они́ на нис спусти́лись, а снек размя́к, прова́ливаюца. Мату́шка выбира́ет места́ для уче́ния медвежа́т лови́ть ры́бу. (He is medvet and she is matushka. Look, sikach and matushka, they have descended and the snow has melted, it is breaking down. Matushka chooses places to teach the cubs to fish.)

The word мату́ха (matukha) is also dialectal and is used in the meaning of a “female bear.” Когда́ быва́ет сва́дьба, она́, мату́ха, зде́лает свои́ дела́ и сно́ва прихо́дит. Там мату́ха сама́, а там здоро́вый саме́ц. Оди́н раз ви́дел белова́тую мату́ху. (When there is a wedding, she, matukha, deals with her business and comes back. Matukha is alone there, and there is a healthy male. Once I saw a whitish matukha.)

Words ма́мка and мать are synonyms, they are all-Russian and have the following meaning: “2. A female bear in relation to its cubs” [5, vol. 2, p. 224]. 

Ма́мка (mamkamother): Сего́дочка – оди́н гот, он не прожывёт, он ма́мку со́сит, до трёх лет вме́сти хо́дит. Он же (медвежонок) ещё и ма́мку со́сит.(Segedochka – one year old, it will not survive it, it sucks its mamka, they walk together up to three years. It (bear cub) is sucking mamka.)

Мать (matmother):  У нас тут два медвежо́нка бы́ла. У них сама́ мать ры́женькая така́я.(There are two little bears here. Their mother is reddish.)

 Thus, the speech of a dialect speaker contains a large number of lexical units which name bears based on the differentiating characteristic of “gender.” Within the groups, designating bears, both male and female, there is a large number of synonyms, as well as lexical units, formed with the help of suffixes. The names contain both dialectal and all-Russian words.

2. The next group of lexical units of the generic group “bear” is based on the characteristic of “age.” This group includes the following lexical units: медвежо́нок, де́ти, дети́шки, малы́ш, ма́льчик, сего́дочка, четверта́к.

Lexical units де́ти, дети́шки, малы́ш и ма́льчик in the speech of a dialect speaker refer to any animal regardless of its species.

Де́ти (children) is an all-Russian word, which has the meaning “Infants, counter posed to adults // Babies of animals, birds” [5, vol. 1, p. 531]. It has the same meaning in the idiolect. А са́мочка с детьми́ любопы́тные.(The female bear with children are curious.)

The word дети́шки (kids) is made up from the lexical unit with the help of the diminutive suffix “–ишк.” In the dictionary, this lexical unit has the following meaning: “plural. Diminutive for children” [5, vol. 1, p. 531]. Са́мочка, дети́шки, они́ же любопы́тные, к тебе́ бегу́т, обню́хивают.(Female, kids, they are all curious, they run to you, sniff you.)

Малы́ш (baby) – “coll. Kid (typically about a little boy)” [5, 2, p. 223]. In the speech of Abakumov S.A. lexical unit малыш denotes a baby of any animal. Therefore, we can say that the word малыш has a broader meaning in the idiolect, denoting – “A baby of any animal.” Лу́че не тро́гать малыше́й, она́ (медведица) ла́пой каг подда́ст, то́лько лети́т кувырко́м.(Better not to touch the babies, it (female bear) will hit you with a paw and you'll roll upside down.)

One more word for a bear cub – ма́льчик (boy) – has two differentiating characteristics: Age and gender. Ма́льчик –    “1. Child, a male teenager” [5, vol. 2, p. 303]. In the dialect, the lexical unit ма́льчик has a wider lexical meaning, than in the Russian language, as it denotes a baby of any male animal. Са́мочка агресси́вная. Ма́льчик поспокойне́й.(A female is aggressive. The boy is quieter.)

The lexical unit медвежо́нок (baby bear) denotes a particular species of an animal. Медвежо́нок – “1. Bear cub” [5, 2, p. 242]. We have found out this particular meaning of the word. Медвежа́та ма́леньки на ольхо́винках. У нас тут два медвежо́нка бы́ла. Уби́ли медве́дицу, а пото́м уви́дели ма́леньких медвежа́т. Ну́жно стоя́ть, не бежа́ть и не тро́гать медвежа́т.(Baby bears are on little alder trees. We had two little bears here. They killed the female bear, and then saw little baby bears. We had to stand; we can't run or touch the babies.)

Names сего́дочка and четверта́к denote particular age of a bear.

Сего́дочка (segodochka) – “one year old bear” [4, p. 155]. This lexical unit has wide usage in the dialect with this meaning. Сиго́дочкаоди́н год, он не прожывёт, он ма́мку со́сит, до трёх лет вме́сти хо́дит.(Sigodochka – one year old, it will not survive it, it sucks its mamka, they walk together up to three years.)

In the speech of Abakumov S.A. there is a fixed lexical unit четверта́к (chetvertak), which has two homonymic meanings. The first meaning is dialectal: “Four year old bear.” The word is motivated by numeral “four.” Медве́дя иногда́ называ́ли четвертако́м, если четы́ре го́да.(A bears was sometimes called a chetvertak, if it was four years old.)

 The second meaning of the word is all-Russian: “Old-fashioned. Quarter of a ruble, 25 kopeks, a coin of 25 kopeks” [5, vol. 4, p. 673]. The dialect speaker uses the lexical unit in exactly this meaning. Четверта́кэто де́нешка, это двадцатипятёрка.( Chetvertak is money, this is twenty-five kopecks.)

3. Composite name used by the informant in his speech, я́годный медве́дь, can be referred to the third sub-group of GG, the common characteristic of which is “Type of Food.” This name determines the type of food of an animal: ягодный медведь (berry bear) is a bear which eats berries. Медве́ть оказа́лся я́годным. Са́ло в ладо́нь, засоли́ли, оказа́лся, што я́годный (медведь), жыр мя́хкиj, пла́вица. (A bear turned out to be a berry one. Lard in the palm, we salted it, and it turned out to be a berry one (bear), fat is soft, melting.)

Attributive component of a composite name in literary language has a different meaning: “Adjective to the word berry // Made from berries, with berries // Giving berries” [5, vol. 4, p. 724]. There are no others bear names that determine the type of nutrition of bears in the speech of Abakumov S.A.

The following figure shows the organization of GG “Names of Bears” in the idiolect of Abakumov S.A. in accordance with differentiating characteristics:

 

23-11-2016-11-07-03

Figure 1. – Structural Composition of the Generic Group “Names of Bears”

 

Thus, the lexical group in the idiolect of Abakumov S.A., which includes the names of bears, can be considered generic, because it contains a generic word –

the hyperonym “bear,” there are hyponyms, marked by variability (медве́дица : медведи́ца), synonyms (медвежо́нок-малы́ш-де́ти-дети́шки) and homonyms (четверта́к1 и четверта́к2), word-formation variants (медве́дь и медведи́шка). GG contains subgroups based on the following differential characteristics: Gender, age, type of nutrition. The group is comprised of both all-Russian and dialectal lexical units (proper dialectal lexical units, word formation, accentual).

The analysis of GG “Bear Names” in the speech of the dialect speaker Abakumov Sergey Alexandrovich showed that the most typical relationship between the names within the group in the idiolect are the relationships of synonymy, which unite all-Russian and dialectal words (медве́дица–мату́ха; медве́дь–сека́ч).

Список литературы

  • Глущенко О. А. Этноязыковая ситуация на Камчатке: генезис, современное состояние, особенности камчатского наречия / О. А. Глущенко // Вестник КРАУНЦ: Гуманитарные науки. – Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчатский гос. пед. ун-т; пред. ред. кол. Е. Б. Весна. – 2004. – № 1. – 136 с.

  • Ильинская Н. Г. Общерусское слово в лексикологическом аспекте : моногр. / Н. Г. Ильинская. – Петропавловск- Камчатский : КГПУ, 2001. – 304 с.

  • Кошелева Н. С. Родо-видовые отношения в лексической системе русского говора / Н. С. Кошелева // Исследования по языку и фольклору. Вып. 2. – Новосибирск : Наука, 1967. – С. 146-157.

  • Словарь русского камчатского наречия / Сост. К. М. Браславец, Л. В. Шатунова; Ред. Ф. П. Иванова, И. В. Попова, И. В. Шатунова. – Хабаровск : Хабаровский гос. пед. ин-т, 1977. – 194 с.

  • Словарь русского языка в четырех томах: Т 1. Под ред. А. П. Евгеньевой. – М, 1957; Т 2. Под ред. Г. П. Князьковой, Т. Н. Поповцевой, М. Н. Судоплатовой. – М., 1958; Т 3. Под ред. В. В. Розанова, И. И. Матвеева. – М., 1959; Т 4. Под ред. Л. Л. Кутиной, В. В. Замкова. – М., 1961.

  • Хаховская А. Н. Народы России: камчадалы [Электронный ресурс] / А. Н. Хаховская. – URL: http://nashasreda.ru/narody-rossii-kamchadaly/ (дата обращения: 07.11.2016).