ОТНОШЕНИЯ МЕЖДУ ОТГЛАГОЛЬНЫМИ ИМЕНАМИ И ПРИЧАСТИЯМИ В ОРХОНСКИХ ПАМЯТНИКАХ

Introduction

Orkhon Inscriptions are among the oldest examples of Turkic written language. Therefor they are very significant for turkological researches. There are some word-formation features in the language of Orkhon Inscriptions that are interesting for turkology, including lexicalization and grammaticalization of derivational suffixes. The processes lexicalization and grammaticalization are especially found in derivational suffixes that make nouns and adjectives from verbs. Analyses prove that some derivational suffixes that make new words from verbs in Orkhon Inscriptions are used as the markers of infinitive verb forms in modern Turkic languages.

Method

Methodology of this research is based on general linguistics and turkology. We use the descriptive method, morphematical analysis and comparative method as the base method of our paper.

Discussion

Many turkologists mention change from inflectional to derivational suffixes in Turkic languages when they talk about the use of the suffixes of participles as derivational suffixes (10,P.190), although the material of Orkhon Inscriptions proves an opposite process.

We are not going to show the properties of these morphemes that are close to derivational ones, we are going to talk about their usage as regular derivational suffixes in Orkhon Inscriptions and compare it to their functions in modern Turkic.

We look at this process as a special type of grammaticalization. But most of the researchers focus on the change from words and word roots to suffixes when they talk about grammaticalization, they do not usually mention the change from lexical suffixes to grammatical ones, i.e. derivation to inflection (6,P.6).

Some suffixes that functions as markers of participles in modern Turkic are used to make nouns and adjectives from verbs in Orkhon Turkic. This process occurs as these suffixes become more common and began to be added to every verb regardless their meaning. These suffixes include not only basic suffixes like -γan, -γu, but also complex suffixes, namely -γučï and -maqčï.

Results

The suffix -γan is one the main markers of participle and past tense in the modern Turkic. It is mainly used in Turkic languages, except Oghuz group. In Orkhon Inscriptions, however, this suffix was registered as a suffix making nouns and adjectives from verbs.

In Orkhon Inscriptions the words made with -γan include the following:

Qapaγan ‘conqueror’, ‘personal name’ (Ongin 4): qap- ‘to catch’, ‘to conquer’.

Qorγan ‘fortress’ (BK east 31): qorï- ‘to protect’ (14,P.90).

Tabïsγan ‘hare, rabbit’ (T 8): *tap-/*tab- ‘to move quickly, to gallop, to jump’, and *tabïs-/*tabïš- is the cooperative voice of that verb.

Participles with the suffix -γan are widespread in the modern Turkic languages: ǯaqšï bilgen ‘knowing well’, mektepke ketken oquuču ‘the student who went to school’, ǯasay turgan išterim ‘my works to be done’ (Kirg.) (15,P.273-282).

The derivational function of -γan still exists in some Turkic languages: čalïšgan ‘hard-working’, burulγan ‘whirlpool’ (Azerb.), yapïšqan ‘sitcky’ (Tur.), talqan ‘oat’ (Karak.); ǯarïlγan ‘cleft’, alǯaγan ‘mad’ (Kar.-Bal.); tutbaγan ‘captive’ (Sal.). The grammaticalization of the morpheme -γan began not so late, in Chaghatai, it was used as a suffix of participle, e.g. alγan ‘buying, bought’, kelgen ‘coming, came’, and even as a suffix of past tense; Samarqandnï Iskender binā qïlγandïr ‘Iskender established Samarqand’ (4,P.53).

Some turkologists claim that the derivational function of the morpheme -γan is older than its inflectional function (12,P.446). To our opinion, the morpheme -γan became the suffix of participle, because as a derivational suffix, it also depicted the subject of the action.

The suffix -γu. There is not a final decision regarding this suffix among the linguists. While A.N. Kononov demonstrates this suffix as morpheme semantically related to future participle (7,P.90), T. Tekin claims that it makes the nouns depicting the name of the action and its subjects (14,P.90). A.M. Scherbak assumed that one of the meanings given by this suffix is present-future tense (11,P.159). J. Eckmann calls its meaning ‘requirement-future’ (4,P.54).

In Orkhon Inscriptions, this suffix was used in the following instances:

Qor(ï)γu ‘guard’ (BK east 41): qorï- ‘to protect’.

Kürägü ‘rebel, runaway’ (KT east 23): küre- ‘to run away’.

Qaraγu ‘guard’ (T 53): qara- ‘to look’.

-γu continued its life as a derivative suffix in the later times. The use of -γu in those stages of Turkic language history is proved by written monuments. Here are some examples: urunγu ‘fighter’, bïčγu ‘knife’, sorγu ‘saw’, bilägü ‘grindstone’, keẑgü ‘cloth, garment’. The suffix -γu was used as marker of future participle beginning from the same monuments, like qïlmaqu qïlïnč ‘the work that will not/must not be done’, qutqarqu tïnlïγlar ‘the creatures that will/might be rescued’ (5,P.56), yürügüdä turur ‘goes in front of the army’ (Oghuz Kaghan, 13^th c.); ičkü yegü bilä mäšγul ärmiš ‘was busy with drinking and eating’ (Old Uzb.) (11,P.159). And this process continued until now: mingi at ‘a horse to ride’ (Karak.) (1,P.406).

The information given above does not deny the role of -γu as a derivative suffix in modern Turkic languages, e.g. bölgü ‘distribution’ (Azerb.), burγu ‘brace’, bilgi ‘knowledge’ (Tur.), külgü ‘laughter’ (Uigh.), pïčqï ‘saw’ (Tat.), durqu ‘threshing-floor’, ačïtxï ‘yeast’ (Kar.-Bal.).

The suffix -γučï. -γučï is another suffix that was used to make nominals from verbs in Orkhon Inscriptions.

Ayγučï ‘adviser’ (T 10): ay- ‘to say’. It was also used as the suffix of participle in the word itgüči ‘making’: Barq itgüči bediz yaratïγma bitig taš itgüči Tabγač qaγan čïqanï Čang Sengün kelti (KT north 13) ‘Tabghach kaghan’s nephew Chang Sengun who makes buildings, creates ornaments, makes written monuments came’. Itgüči is used together with the participle yaratïγma ‘creating’, and the suffix -γučï is added the second parts of the constructions barq it-güči ‘making building’ and bitig taš it-güči ‘making written monuments’ which is typical for the markers of participles.

Even though there were traces of it as a derivational suffix, e.g. ölürgüči ‘murderer’, qolγučï ‘beggar’, čihišguǯi ‘thief’ (Sal.), satγuǯï ‘seller’, čörulγuǯi ‘sly’; bileuču ‘grinder’, ǯïrlaučï ‘singer’ (Kar.-Bal.); -γučï and its modern phonetic variation -uvčï continued their function as the suffixes of participle in the later stages of Turkic language history: qïnaγučï ‘torturing’, tapïnγučï ‘obeying’(Kashghari), olip borγuvči ‘taking’ (Uzb.); degüči ‘story-teller’, kezgüči ‘traveller’ (Chag.).

-γučï is a complex suffix made from -γu and -čï which is a derivative suffix making nouns from nouns.

The suffix -maqčï. This suffix also became the suffix of participle in modern period, for instance, kälmäkši adam ‘a man who will come’ (Kaz.), a^olma^oqči bulip ‘decided to buy’ (Uzb.); ǯiymekši ‘the one who will eat’, išpekši ‘the one who will drink’ (Karak.). In some modern Turkic languages it functions even as a suffix of future tense:  barmaqčïman ‘I will go’ (Kirg.), uqĭmaqčĭmĭn ‘I will read’ (Tat.) (11,P.162).

This suffix was used only once in the language of Orkhon Inscriptions: armaqčï ‘lier’: ...tabγač bodun täbligin kürlig üčün, armaqčïsïn üčün… (KT east 6) ‘…because Tabghach people were cunning and sly, because they were liers…’ This noun was formed from the word ar- ‘to deceive, to lie’ (KT south 5).

Conclusion

The change from derivative suffixes to the inflectional ones occurred in Turkic languages, as well as the opposite process. The main reason of the lexicalization of inflectional suffixes is the petrification of grammatical forms as independent words, but the reason of the grammaticalization of derivational suffixes can be seen in the increase of the productivity of those morphemes. When the suffix begins to be added to each member of the same word class, the derivational function of this morpheme vanishes and this suffix transforms into an inflectional one. The grammaticalization of the derivational suffixes to the indicators of participle is a productive process in Turkic languages and the oldest traces of grammaticalization belong to the language of Orkhon Inscriptions.

Another thought on this matter claims that the functions of grammatical and lexical suffixes in the ancient written monuments of Turkic languages are similar (2,P.5). This process is proved with the words used in Orkhon Turkic.