КОНЦЕПТОЛОГИЯ КАК ФОРМА КОГНИТИВНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ

The article is a summary of the principal propositions of a form of national mental linguistics, developed by the author [2].

Cognitive Linguistics in its general form is not a theory, but based on some theoretical postulates the method of analysis of language deep structures. Based on the active grammar, from speaker, Conceptology comes from the formula "the meaning put into shape," but a specific analysis of language is impossible without studying its manifestations in speech - the main concern of cognitive science. There is a contradiction: the active grammar is studied in the footsteps of passive grammar from listener, which is based on the formula "the form is conceptualized." The way out is possible in the presentation of the third - speech activity using language categories.  L.V.Scherba  said it, he said about the "threefold aspect of the language." In this case, the texts, as a result of speech activity can be regarded as a material for the active reconstruction of the mental categories of consciousness. Linguistic Сoncept and logical idea are the same meaningful composition of consciousness (conceptus), but of different intensity and depth of positing; that is why they are often used mixed.

When the similarity of all branches of cognitive science (in the broad sense as a mental linguistics), determined by the total installation on the subject of speaking with the indispensable linguistic and logical connection in the object of knowledge, there are differences between them. Conceptology differs from Сontensive and Cognitive linguistics by the study of the subject and method. Contensive linguistic (from the English content') describes an images of the Сoncepts  in line with the of practical nominalism; example - Leningrad Academic School. Cognitive linguistic (from  Lat cōgnōscō 'perceive') builds its judgment based on the ideas in the framework of conceptualism; e.g. - the Moscow Academic School. Conceptology (the teaching of concepts) covers all four substantive form of the Concept, including the symbolб  and it works within the boundaries of philosophical realism, that’s why realist concern related fields of philosophy and the history of language. The scientists are working in universities in this area. The fourth member of the Concept, Сonceptum, in the form of "inner form" of the word is also present only in Conceptology. The American "third wave" (U.Maturana)  is distinguished from Conceptology by its organic (from the word organism) in the form of brain structures,  and not being philosophical content, "primus movens"; this is not the biological but mental nature: the Concept "alive" become by the influence of Conceptum. All three Russian form of cognitive science do not differ addition sequence (all founders and followers of these forms  work at the same time), but the different tasks defined by the chosen philosophical position. In the field of cognitive science philosophical basic statements by definition are of predominant importance, which is defined focus on the logic of thinking, but not on linguistic form.

In their private features Conceptology also expresses the basic properties of Russian realism with its striving for the whole (“only the whole – be alive") in unity with the environment (sreda, "all in all") with the genetic relationship of the whole and the part (Concept and Conceptum). There are some differences of cognitive science in the particular understanding generally accepted terms. For example, under the categorization Conceptology understands "ascent" from the particular to the more abstract concept (> category), and a conceptualization - return movement to ever smaller units of the object up to the quantum of knowledge and "the source of all" - Conceptum. In accordance with the judgments of the pioneers of Russian realism, "we descend rather than ascend" (нестяжатель of the XV century Nil of Sora), because an appeal to the roots "more moral" than devastating wandering "in the heights".

In the process of cognition, representing the current understanding, the concept expands on the composition and sequence of presentation of the compositions is determined historically.

At the end of the XIX century establishing semantic triangle tied all three ended reality, available human consciousness: the subject sees a thing, hears the word and understands their idea. In East Slavic culture at its very early days, it was found a wonderful detail that all three compounds were called by general term - borrowed in the XI century in Eastern Bulgaria word вещь ‘thing’, denoting both the object of thought, word and sign, and the idea of ​​real action. Compare one of the statements Даниила Заточника (prisoner), XII century:

Князь не сам впадаеть в вещь, но думци вводять (советники).

The prince did not falls into a thing himself, but the councilors (advisers) giving.

Here, all three possible meanings of the word are fused, indicating the same action on the part of different entities: the prince acts in the thing, advisors - advises in the idea, and the author combines all this in one word, describing their mutual action. The syncretism of thought created short-spoken: says it all in one word. The fact is indicating that the mental plane to the beginning of the XV century, the Eastern Slavs in their philosophical views were nominalists.

Influence of Slavonic translation Areopagitica, made in 1389, led to the isolation as an independent idea, which appeared essence of things as an expression of the pomyslennoje (design) and switched outlook on realism, which became the philosophical core of the emerging Great Russian nation. The idea of ​​a third part of the semantic triangle only appeared in XVIII century as fact of the public consciousness, - the word that actually realists proceeded by evaluating the mutual force things and ideas, but until then including them in the overall composition of the Logos. "The word is born to appoint around their place in the system," - said A.A. Potebnya, and that’s why the system is developed, denoting a new line of thought - philosophical conceptualism. So gradually the original syncretism word вещь disintegrated to their compositions. The end point of the development of a common thought in the XX century was the discovery of the Concept - linguistic form of the compositions of semantic triangle enriched by the presence of the fourth composition. The fourth part is detected by comparing things with referents R and denotations D in the substantive meaning of the word (the idea of things):

Combination RD – notion idea, -RD – image of thing, -DR – symbol word, -R-D – conceptum as primus movens.

A Concept necessarily expresses all its compositions in their final form; only in its entirety it is the Concept of consciousness, distinct from its private display in the form of notion. Defining Concept as an idea through its opposition to things and to sign, go to the synergetic relationship in three formulations of semantic triangle, which is a closed stable system, which is being studied at the synchronous level. To make this system the movement, it is necessary to add another component, and then the conceptual square is formed on the plane, according to S.N.Bulgakov’s postulate: "Tetraktys is the same trio, only in motion." This structure with four compositions - the constructive image, notion and symbol and the mental "grain ‘pervosmysla’" (primary sense, primus movens) – Conceptum, which is said: "quantum consciousness," "something undefined", "point out of the plane." Movement set the zero point with the lack of the feature of objectivity (S.A.Askoldov’s tumannoje nechto "vague thing") and own sense ​​(the invariant of S.L.Frank’s principle meaning). It is an unformed composition of Concept, "pure mentality", which has many names in modern science (with frequent mixing with a complete Concept): concept, episteme, archetype, nominatema, pervotekton etc., reflecting only one Concept side, which fell into the field of view of an author. Now, the notion finally narrowed its content to its actual composition. This is a diachronic linguistics action area, including the study of the time contant. Nevertheless, the term Conceptum is preferred (lat. conceptum 'grain, germ') as a word of the same root with the expression of Concept, the primary source of which is Conceptum. Compare an analogy with the physical world in different words: "In the main series the original phenomenon is the absolute vacuum, or a paren, it is substance without structure and behavior. The paren is like a primordial jelly, which serves a source of building material for all objects in the Universe. This essence is unrealize due to the lack of structure, movement and revealed forms "[1,с. 8, 71]. Latin participle paren 'giving, producing, creating, extracting' from the verb pāreo. The Conceptum is such a thing in the mental series of thoughts. It is time to rememhber the astute observation of another Russian philosopher P.A.Florensky, who wrote: "We need to turn to the last, the fourth type of objects which are not able to distinguish by any means, excluding to the mystical perception" [3]. The description of the Conceptum will be the subject of our discussion.

Conceivable conceptual square is characterized by dynamism and differs from the static semantic triangle, it has the ability to deploy and compress their compositions, "playing" values as necessary. This Concept is usually defined as the whole formation (the whole sub the part), it is out of substantial forms, that is, from the point of view of a researcher in a straight run to the object, rather than the reverse - from the Concept to the richness of its content forms. Looking from the side it is the object as a whole, making it impossible to describe its structural feaures. The reality of the Concept is expanded into components and text - in relation to the referent R- considered separately designatum S (intension of the notion =  verbal meaning) and denotation D (extension of the notion = value). Then, based on these results it is constructed in terms of the understanding, which is derived from the analyzed text. This knowledge restored to a certain point of development of thought enshrined in the texts. It is not a game of words, but the real picture of mutual relations in the relativity of the notion connections and the Concept. Everything depends on the point of view and of the research perspective, from his specific purpose. In particular, great importance is the category of Causality, which goes back to the theory of "four causes" of Aristotle. This is dependence of conditions, the reasons for and objectives of its founding ("Everything has its base," according to the law of sufficient foundation - G. Leibniz). Causality directs the action notions and "private" reasons in the general part of the causality. Like any conceivable category, the Causality can be referenced in various forms, expressed in different words, for example, "four causes" in the form of constant semantic meaning constant in the sequence of causation members):

Table 1 – Compositions of Causality

All sequences of three horizontally related names represent mentally the same - from the standpoint of synthesis "grain" Conceptum as a base, but taken in a different projection of the ternary composition. Causes 1 reflect the real relationship in their ontology (this is event) - as such a unity together Consequences; 2 - expresses the logical connections in their epistemology (this is fact), in fact a manifestation of causation; 3 - indicates the linguistic relationship in their hermeneutic status (this is language) - substantial forms of the Concept. Analytical representation of the correlation is determined by the settings of various scientific programs, namely "state -  condition - image" are the focus of the Realists with their installation on the consciousness, "action -  reason -  notion of" interested primarily Nominalists with the aim at the process of cognition, and the "result - goal - symbol" are subject mainly Conceptualist, which represents the value of knowledge.

Semantic Constant is constructed by a particular selection of texts, which are rigidly connected by the relation of questions: what is it? -  the base, as shown? - the condition, why does it work? - the reason,  why is created? – the goal.

For example, the Russian philosopher S.L.Frank in his interpretation of "conceptum" [4] gave several definitions, clearly building a causal chain: 1) What is it? -  The germ of most relevance. 2) How to manifest? -  Formless potentiality, the beginning of pure groundlessness. 3) Why does it work? -  Creative element of activity, 4) What is created? - Depth knowledge of living. In the construction of semantic constants we have essentially completed the philosophical notion Conceptum:

Conceptum is the embryo of the most relevance to (his) formless potentiality and pure groundlessness as a creative element of the activity in the knowledge of living depth.
 

Text analysis in search of the necessary facts carried method consistent reductions.

We use the discursive nature of our thinking in order that to highlight the meaning of the name from two sides: from the definition in front of the name and the part after the name of the predicate. Both positions appear in predicative effort of thought and therefore are subjective, but the selection of comparison clarifies objectively the general meaning of a particular statement and sent the value of the basic word. Thus, identifying ways to word values needed to implement Conceptum, we have only two. The first - the construction of the notion based on a combination of the name of a certain adjective representing the specific content of the Concept (Zheleznyj son ‘the iron dream’ - F.Tyutchev).

Second, by the judgment, i.e. summing up the meaning of a word to a common genus, is also manifested in the text based on an intuitive approach to the Concept (l’ubov’ est’  son - ‘love is a dream’ - F.Tyutchev). Such typological state of consciousness, releasing actual "thing" that exists in the known symptoms and moreover somehow works. This threefold perception of things in the unity of its characters and action has been known to Aristotle, who outlined all this noun, adjective and verb.

Features of expression in the form of an adjective can appear in three forms, they may be typical, real or imaginative. Typical signs reveal the symbol (= the image notion), expressing its main feature: bely svet, sine mor’e, zheleznaya vol’a, etc. Real sign creates the actual notion: bely zvet, Chornoye mor’e, zheleznaya doroga and other figurative sign forms a metaphoric image: beloye bratstvo, bespokoynoye mor’e, zheleznoye serdce. There may be bizarre oxymorons such as zhelezny puh, but they do not reflect the conceptual kernel of the main word and in principle can occur for any author's whim. The result is determined by the verbal meaning = content of the notion, i.e. designatum S.

Ultimately, fingering epithets marked in use, we outline the limits of designatum - signs of distinction, revealing Conceptum contents and events in the content of the notion. At the same time, as much, as the notion of (imaginative notion that is das Sinnbild ‘symbol') performs all of the combination as a whole, as the vechnaya l’ubov’  (eternal love) is different from the nevernaya l’ubov’ (wrong love), and the latter - by slepaya l’ubov’ (blind love), etc. by the list. The imaginative notion reveals symbol, specifying each time the brink of shade and its infinite manifestations. In the Middle Ages it was replaced by the notion, because the latters are absent. Thus, by defining a noun we design the notion, which is valid only for the understanding of this particular case. This creates operative notions that are so often found in newspaper headlines. As a result, "the notion of" actualized in the texts on the basis of an intuitive approach to Conceptum. Apparently, our consciousness contains a hidden picture of Conceptum implicitly represented in the subconscious, which allows comparisons. As a result of this operation, we outline the boundaries of denotation - the objective value representing the extension.

Reducing the text predicates to denotations, and then expanding them to the compositions of causation within the boundaries of the conceptual square and reaching the last contents – conceptual form - we will get the answers to these questions:

Historically the invariable unity of language and culture in the subconscious is provided by means general and unchanged in the culture Conceptums of the consciousness.

Conceptum is the basis of the potential essence and that organized internal movement of substantial forms of Concepts.

Concepts are strictly organized on its structure, content and essence.

Analytical procedure of reductions "descends" to the level of Conceptum (pervosmysl, primary sense) –it is conceptualisation; synthesis of forms in its «ascent» creates pervoformy (primary forms) of categorical notions   by means symbolics of imaginative notions – it is categorisation.

In any time according to different authors we understand every Concepts in a variety way in all shades of general sense.

The tone and aroma of era are reflected by variable interpretation of concepts, which is different from other eras.