СПАЦИАЛЬНАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ КАК ОСНОВА ПРОЦЕДУРЫ ПРЕДИКАЦИИ В КОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ

The power of human intellectual abilities creates a special type of speech signs making, which is predication, or the use of signs as movable type to create sentences. These are the observations of evolutionist G. Romanes. “It would be too broad to say that it [the difference] appears at the language emergence, meaning the use of signs in communication, as we observed that the language, in the broadest sense, can be used by animals as well. Thus, the difference shall be seen not where the language or ability to use signs in communication appears, but where that special type of ability we understand by speech comes”.  [13, P. 232].

Speech is a process, which, on the one hand, reproduces a special sign system – the ethnic language or a similar communication technology materialized in signs (the Latin language, American English and different hybrid languages), and on the other hand, it creates a phenomenon identical in its material properties (or a kind of matter), which ensures the discreteness of the space-time criterion.

In this case, N. Lumann's concepts of language, communication and its meaning become relevant. The well-known German sociologist associates these concepts with the system boundaries, which, on the one hand, affect the system - environment communication, and, on the other hand, the concepts are determined in the process of this communication [10]. In this case, the social system functioning is identified with a living system functioning, which is autopoietic and interpreted as a network to produce its components. The autopoietic type of the network arrangement is the result of its functioning.

“We can still talk about spatial boundaries in living systems, i.e. autopoietic organization of molecules in space, - N. Lumann says, - as the boundaries here are represented by special organs of the system (cell membranes, skin of organisms), which perform specific functions of separation and selective mediation in metabolic processes [10, P. 77]. When considering the system in terms of meaning, the boundary matter fades, making the system free from spatial constraints, while giving a different, purely inner form of the boundaries, which stimulates a special form of consciousness activity to externalize neurophysiological introspection of the organism. Such “boundaries transformation” feature is especially important to the social communication system, as N. Lumann believes, which boundary is reproduced in each communication act, because the communication is self-identified as a communication in its network of system operations, including no mental, chemical or neurophysiological components. We correlate the spatial ability with the social communication system ability to transform external boundary into internal boundary form.

The spatial ability is correlated with such abilities as restoration, preservation, and transformation of visual information in the spatial context [8], [7]. In a narrower sense, spatial abilities are correlated with individual abilities to explore visual information, understand forms, shape and position of objects, to build mental representations of these forms, shapes and positions, ant to manage the representations in mind [3].

Many researchers [11], [2], [12], [4] believe that the spatial ability includes two main components: spatial relations and spatial visualization. Spatial relations are described as the understanding of objects' position according to a visual pattern [11]. According to D’Oliveira [5], spatial relations correlate with an ability to solve simple naming tasks, or to identify represented variants of an object. Spatial visualization is described as the representation of names or their components in a 3D model [2]. D. Lohman [9] distinguishes three main factors of spatial ability: spatial visualization, spatial orientation, and rapid alternation.

Spatial ability is discovered by spatial cognitive engineering, which deals with human perception of space, its conceptualization, and communication with the space. Obtained results are used in computer systems when making scripts, representing and modeling environment and involvement patterns, automatic selection of relevant information and development of corresponding principles of human-machine interaction. The main interaction scenarios include navigation and spatial communication in a more general form. Interesting what role the elements can play in building a communication bridge between human and machine.

Spatial information technologies cover all spheres of human life, from logging their activities in space and time, identifying their place in a Web-communication, to optimizing their personal activities in social media. Moreover, the design of internal information means is mostly determinated by abilities and capacity of existing information technologies.

Spatial information technologies address the human-machine interaction issues basing on geographical concepts, and concepts borrowed from other subject domains, which, however, results in some discrepancies in transferring hunam spatial competences  to the machine semiotic system of spatial abilities.

Obviously, there is a need in designing built on cognition principles, when cognitive science results are used during the entire process of designing spatial information means including the use of appropriate cognitive models of system architectures, conceptual schemes, programming languages, and strategies of data analysis.

Models of spatial cognitive processes can help in designing special information technologies, as well as in discovering methods using which people could address different spatial issues. Researches identify the following spatial tasks: 1) locating an object, 2) moving towards located object, 3) correlating one's position in space (location) with the position of another obect in space, 4) interacting with other people regarding the object location, 5) making a program of moving/relocating in space.

Spatial cognitive engineering means can be used in teaching a foreign language using databases. A teacher, using the databases as knowledge bases, manages actualizing of innate spatial abilities on the one hand, and, on the other hand, manages the forming of spatial abilities as a set of skills to design spatial relations, which is a system of principles to interact with the environment built on principles of either natural (direct), or formalized (indirect) communication.

Making transformations is based on the development a semantic model to interpret graphic expressions [Pospelov 1992], which include perceptual characteristics related to an imaged object. Perceptual characteristics correlate with 3D cognitive schemes and diagrams, which, in their turn, match with human imagination [6]. B. Korbinsky [Korbinsky 1998] suggests taking such cognitive schemes and diagrams as worldviews of a certain abstraction level, which can be described and represented in a knowledge base as independent units represented in certain relations. We believe that relations between cognitive schemes and diagrams, represented visually and modeling communicative relations in both native and learned language, can be analyzed or verified by means of linguistic engineering, which is building ontologies.

Thus, the integrity of modern society is reached by its self-understanding as the boundary of the following world categories distinguished by K. Popper [Popper 2002]: physical, mental, and the world of abstracts objects [Khalina, Vnuchkova, Pushkareva, Serova, Benchuk, Chrebtova, Stolyarova, Zlobina 2011]. Proper, self-valid meanings are generated in a cloud of associative blurring, and the language of communication in the cloud is the brain language, or the language of consciousness.

According to N. Luhmann, social system boundaries are represented by specific languages or methods of coding different communications [10], meaning that languages make the social system boundaries. Languages’ domain includes the differentia of discourse-based social organization; the perception and understanding of reality by a speaker starts changing where that imaginary demarcation line passes. Ways of communication coding contribute to accumulating so-called symbolic capital, introduced by P. Bourdieu, which is equal to virtual reality and hyperreality concepts [1].

We are generally focused on the concept of symbolic capital, understood by P. Bourdieu as a set of activity codes based on resources of any kind (economic, scientific, administrative resources).

The condition for achieving the goal, according to P. Bourdieu, lays in understanding established ideas through cognitive diagrams, symbolic transfigurations [1]. One with symbolic capital can bring a certain kind of order into reality, making “truth”, which includes experience of such abstractions as order, justice, and truthfulness. Symbolic capital, as the authors believe, can be seen as result of activity of the culture’s semiotic structures making up virtual reality, which imitates true reality.

N. Luhmann, appealing in his works created at the boundary of centuries to sociological approach in studying modern society, notices that modern society is a multi-contextual system, which allows for different descriptions of its complexity. According to his point of view, society can be defined as a system only in the context of “system / world around” scheme, meaning that the society system is another existing side of the “world around” at the same time, and, therefore, the “world around” is the society boundary.