ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ, КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЙ И СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ ТЕРМИНА «ПЕРЕВОД»
Аннотация
Introduction
The interest of linguists in the semantics of language units and expressions, the interaction of language with consciousness, lifestyle, and the development of the people does not stop. Thanks to this, the requirements for the accuracy of translations have increased significantly. As the science of translation theory (or translation studies) develops, the term “translation” is refined and filled with a new meaning. Updating the term “translation” is certainly not something surprising or impossible. However, in our opinion, it needs an analytical review for an objective assessment of the use and awareness of its content. Questions of the definition of the term “translation” are consecrated in the works of O. S. Akhmanova [1], L. S. Barkhudarov [2], V. S. Vinogradov [3], N. K. Garbovsky [4], [5], T. V. Zherebilo [6], V. N. Komissarov [7], A. Lilova and L. P. Likhacheva [8], R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev [9], J. Munen [10], L.L. Nelyubin [11], Erich Prunch [13], D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova [14], Ya. V. Sokolovsky [15], A. V. Fedorinov [17], [18], S. A. Chichilanova [19], L. A. Chernyakhovskaya [20], J. C. Catford [22], M. Foster [24], H. Ghazala [25], E. Janfaza, S. Janfaza [26], I. Vehmas-Lehto [27], [28], A. Yowell, S. L. Muftan [29] and other researchers. The wide variety of existing approaches to the definition of the term «translation» has determined the relevance of the chosen research topic.
The purpose of the study is to classify the definitions of the term “translation” in accordance with the linguistic, communicative and sociological approach. The object of the study was the term “translation”. The subject of the research is the content of the definition of the term “translation” from the linguistic, communicative and sociological approaches.
Research methods: when writing the article, descriptive and analytical methods were used, which made it possible to classify and group the definitions of the term “translation” in accordance with linguistic, communicative and sociological approaches and to clarify it.
The results of the research: the classification and grouping of the definitions of the term “translation” according to the appropriate approaches; the author's clarification of the definition of the term “translation” is proposed.
The material for the study was the definitions of the term “translation”, taken from various dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, scientific works, textbooks and textbooks.
The theoretical significance of the research lies in the classification and grouping of the definition of the term “translation” in accordance with the linguistic, communicative and sociological approaches, as well as the proposal of the author's definition of the term “translation”.
The practical significance of the study is that the proposed grouping of the definition of the term “translation” is aimed at optimizing the process of teaching professional intercultural communication to translators.
Discussion
Primarily, it should be noted that not all works discussing the topic of translation offer a definition of the term “translation”, even if they actively comment on the definitions of their colleagues. Сonsequently, in the articles of Ya. V. Sokolovsky [15], A. V. Fedorinov [17, P. 167-168], [18, P. 199], S. A. Chichilanova [19], when discussing the term “translation”, there are interesting remarks about the understanding of “translation” by different authors, but the authors do not offer their own definition of this central term for translation studies.
On the other hand, many translation researchers try to analyze as many formulations of the term “translation” given by different authors as possible, identify similarities and differences, and only then, based on their theoretical justifications for the identified features, give their definition of the term “translation”.
Therefore, the foreign Austrian researcher Erich Prunchin his scientific publication “Ways of development of Western translation studies. From linguistic asymmetry to political” explored the history of the term “translation”, starting with the humanist physician Heinrich Steingevel of the XV century, who, among others, translated the works of Petrarch and Boccaccio, the fables of Aesop, to the state of translation studies in which it is now, at the beginning of the XXI century, and introduced his “neutral general concept for the products of written and oral translation: translat (translation as a result). Translation is understood as any product of the translation process” [13, P. 17]. And then he was able to clarify the term as follows: “Translation is a sociocognitive process regulated by society and implemented within the framework of the culture of translation. And it is also a continuous decision-making process, starting with the choice of the text and ending with the adoption of operational decisions when creating a translation and embedding it in the host culture” [13, P. 390].
The well-known Russian scholar of translation, Professor N. K. Garbovsky devoted most of the introduction of his textbook “Theory of Translation” to the analysis of the concept of translation. He analyzed the definitions of the term translation given by the French translators Edmond Kari, Marianne Lederer , Georges Munin, Valerie Larbo, the American linguist Roman Osipovich Jacobson, the German translator Schlegel August Wilhelm, the Russian translators Andrey Venediktovich Fedorov, Alexander Davidovich Schweitzer, Yakov Iosifovich Retsker, Venedikt Stepanovich Vinogradov, Rurik Konstantinovich Minyar-Beloruchev, Leonid Stepanovich Bakhudarov and only then in the second chapter “The object and subject of modern translation theory” gave his definition (presented in Table 1).
We would also like to note that some authors in the course of the study give their own definition of the term “translation”, without taking into account the previously published definitions of other developers. Definitely, they have sufficient grounds for using this approach, but in such a definition, the object and subject of the study may not be specified or convey the content previously published in other works by paraphrasing.
In all cases, discussions about the definition of the term «translation», the rational of the content of the corresponding object, in the theory of translation are still going on in many countries. Venedikt Stepanovich Vinogradov, whose opinion we share, notes that “the definitions of the term “translation” depend on the research goals and views of the scientist and his belonging to a particular scientific school” [3, P. 10]. In his textbook, he wrote that the word “translation” has many meanings, and it has two terminological meanings that interest us: “The first of them defines mental activity, the process of transmitting content expressed in one language by means of another language. The second name is the result of this process-the text is oral and written. Although these concepts are different, they represent a dialectical unity, one cannot be thought of without the other. It is also appropriate to note that in linguistics there is a broader concept of bilingual communication than translation. The main place in it is occupied by language mediation, which includes translation, abstracting, retelling, and other adapted sentences” [3, P. 10].
Having studied the works of the Finnish scientist Inkeri Vehmas-Lehto (University of Helsinki) “Quasi-Correctness. A critical study of Finnish translations of Russian journalistic texts” [26] and “Multi-faceted translation studies” [27], in which translation theories are presented from the linguistic, communicative and sociological approaches, we consider it appropriate to classify the existing definitions of the term “translation” accordingly. The classification is shown in Figure 1.
Consider the grouping of definitions of the term «translation» in accordance with the linguistic, communicative and sociological approach presented in Table 1.
Figure 1 – The proposed classification of approaches to the definition of the term “translation”
Table 1– The proposed grouping of definitions of the term “translation” in accordance with the linguistic, communicative and sociological approach
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Linguistic approach to the definition |
The communicative approach to the definition |
The sociological approach to the definition |
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Akhmanova O. S.: “1. Comparison of two or more languages in order to find semantic correspondences between their units, usually for bilingual lexicography, for comparative semantic research, etc. 2. Transmission of information contained in a given work of speech by means of another language” [1, P. 305]. |
Akhmanova O. S.: “3. Finding in another language such means of expression that would ensure the transfer to it not only the diverse information contained in this speech work, but also the most complete correspondence of the new text to the original one also in form (internal and external), which is necessary in the case of a literary text, as well as in the transfer to another language of concepts that have not received a stable expression in it” [1, P. 305]. |
Garbovsky N. K.: “Translation is a social function of communicative mediation between people using different language systems, which is realized in the course of the psychophysical activity of a bilingual to reflect real reality on the basis of his individual abilities as an interpreter, who makes the transition from one semiotic system to another with the aim of equivalent, that is, the most complete, but always partial, transfer of the system of meanings contained in the original message from one communicant to another” [4, P. 214]. |
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Barkhudarov L. S.: “Translation is the process of converting a speech work in one language into a speech work in another language while maintaining an unchanged plan of content, that is, meaning” [2]. |
Komissarov V. N.: “Translation is a means to make possible interlanguage communication, that is, communication between people who speak different languages” [7, P. 49]. |
Munen J.: “Translation is a contact of languages, a phenomenon of bilingualism; it is a case when a bilingual consciously fights against any deviation from the norm, against any interference” [10]. |
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Vinogradov V. S.: “The word «translation» has many meanings, and it has two terminological meanings that we are interested in. The first of them defines mental activity, the process of transmitting the content expressed in one language by means of another language. The second name is the result of this process-the text is oral or written. Although these concepts are different, they represent a dialectical unity, one cannot be conceived without the other” [3, P. 5]. |
Lilova A., Likhacheva L. P.: “Translation is a specific oral or written activity aimed at re-creating an existing oral or written text in one language in another language, while maintaining the invariance of the content and quality of the original, as well as the author's authenticity” [8]. |
Cambridge Dictionary: “4. The activity of giving the value of an amount in one currency in a different currency. 5. The activity or process of changing something into a different form” [21]. |
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Zherebilo T. V.: “1. Transmission of information contained in the text by means of another language. 2. Comparison of two or more languages in order to find semantic correspondences between their units” [6, P. 322]. |
Minyar-Beloruchev R. K.: “Translation is a type of speech activity that doubles the components of communication, the purpose of which is to transmit a message in cases where the codes used by the sources and the recipient do not match” [9, P.170]. |
Zherebilo T. V.: “3. Finding means of expression in another language that ensure the transmission of information contained in the text, as well as full compliance of the translated text with the original, both in content and in form. From the point of view of sociolinguistics, when translating, you need to master background knowledge, information of an extralinguistic nature” [6, P. 322]. |
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Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.: “Translation is the transfer of the content of an oral statement or a written text by means of another language” [14, P. 201]. |
Janfaza E., Janfaza S.: “Translation is an art, not a science, like many other arts, much more complex than what is visible” [26, P. 4] |
Nelyubin L. L.: “12. The process of speech-language communication occurring in a bilingual situation” [11, P.139]. |
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Chernyakhovskaya L. A.: “This is a transformation of the structure of a speech work, as a result of which, while maintaining the plan of content unchanged, the plan of expression changes: one language is replaced by another” [20, P. 2]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “1. The word "translation", as one of the types of complex speech-language activity of a person, usually means either the translation process itself, or the result of the translator's activity – an oral or written text, an utterance. Since the translation process (and its result) takes place in a bilingual situation, when two languages participate in the process of communication, i.e. an interlanguage situation, it is possible to define translation as the process of interlanguage transformation or transformation of an oral or written text presented in one language into a text (oral or written) in another language. If language is a naturally existing communicative system of society, and speech is the functioning of language in the process of communication for the transmission of information, then translation is the transmission of information contained in a given work of speech by means of another language. In addition to this definition, translation can be defined as the transmission of thoughts (feelings, emotions) expressed in one language by means of another language, or as the replacement of text material in one language (the source language) with equivalent text material in another language (the translation language), or as a process of speech – language communication occurring in a bilingual situation, i.e., a situation where communicative activity occurs in the codes of two different sign systems. While performing communication activities in a bilingual situation, the translator simultaneously encodes and decodes the information it processes in the codes of two different sign systems. Therefore, the translation process can be considered a complex type of psycholinguistic activity in a bilingual environment” [11, P. 137-138]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “16. The process of speech-language communication in a bilingual situation, transmitting information received in one language by means of another language in full compliance with the content and form of the source text” [11, P.139]. |
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Catford J. C.: “Translation may be denned as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). This definition is intentionally wide—not vague, though it may appear so at first sight. Two lexical items in it call for comment. These are “textual material” (where “text” might have been expected) and 'equivalent'” [22, P. 20]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “13. A type of speech activity that doubles the components of communication, the purpose of which is to transmit a message in cases where the codes used by the source and the recipient do not match” [11, P.139]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “18. Reconstruction of the reality expressed in the original” [11, P. 139]. |
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Collins Dictionary: “1. A translation is a piece of writing or speech that has been translated from a different language. 2. Something that is or has been translated, especially a written text” [23, P. 1] |
Collins Dictionary: “3. Translation implies the rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken; version is applied to a particular translation of a given work, specific of the Bible; paraphrase, in this connection, is applied to a free translation of a passage or work from another language; transliteration implies the writing of words with characters of another alphabet that represent the same sound or sounds” [23, P. 1]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “19. Correspondence is established through the invariance of meaning” [11, P. 139]. |
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Foster M.: “2. Is the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to their equivalents in to another language. 3. Translation is an act through which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in to the target language” [24, P. 1]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “15. Finding in another language such means of expression that would ensure the transfer to it not only the diverse information contained in this speech work, but also the most complete correspondence of the new text to the original one also in form (internal and external), which is necessary in the case of a literary text, as well as in the transfer to another language of concepts that have not received a stable expression in it” [11, P. 139] |
Nelyubin L. L.: “20. The translation should convey not only what is expressed by the original, but also as it is expressed in it” [11, P. 139] |
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Cambridge Dictionary: “1. Something that is translated, or the process of translating something, from one language to another. 2. The activity or process of changing the words of one language into the words in another language that have the same meaning. 3. A piece of writing or speech in one language that has been changed into another language” [21]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “17. Speech-language activity aimed at transmitting and receiving messages, i.e. necessary for inter-language communication” [11, P. 139] |
Nelyubin L. L.: “23. Translation is the process of text processing and verbalization, leading from the text in the source language to the equivalent text in the target language, as far as possible, and assuming a meaningful and stylistic interpretation of the original. Translation is an internally dissected process that encompasses two main phases: the comprehension phase, during which the translator analyzes the source text taking into account its semantic and stylistic intent, and the language reconstruction phase, during which the translator reproduces the source text subjected to semantic and stylistic analysis with optimal consideration of the requirements of communicative equivalence” [11, P. 139]. |
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Ghazala, H.: “1. Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another” [25, P. 1] |
Nelyubin L. L.: “25. A process characterized by an attitude towards the transmission of the communicative effect of the primary text, partially modified by differences between two languages, two cultures and two communicative situations” [11, P. 140]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “24. Translation can be defined as a unidirectional and two-phase process of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication, in which, on the basis of a purposeful (“translation”) the analysis of the primary text creates a secondary text (megatext) that replaces the primary one in another language and cultural environment” [11, p. 139-140]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “2. Translation as one of the types of language activity is a process of adequate and full-fledged transmission of thoughts expressed in one language by means of another language. An adequate and complete translation determines the correct, accurate and complete transmission of the features and content of the original and its language form, taking into account all the features of the structure, style, vocabulary and grammar, in combination with the impeccable correctness of the language into which the translation is made” [11, P.138]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “29. It is one of the types of speech communication, in the course of which speech works are analyzed and generated – texts” [11, P. 140]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “33. A type of language mediation, the social purpose of which is to bring mediated bilingual communication as close as possible in terms of completeness, effectiveness and naturalness of communication to ordinary monolingual communication” [11, P. 140]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “3. The process of transmitting a text or oral speech by means of another language” [11,P.138]. |
Nelyubin L. L.: “30. A process characterized by an attitude to convey the communicative effect of the primary text, partially modified by differences between two languages, two cultures, and two communicative situations” [11, P.140]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “4. Text (or oral speech) translated from one language to another” [11, P. 138] |
Nelyubin L. L.: “31. Translation can be defined, firstly, as a unidirectional two-phase process of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication, in which a secondary text is created that represents the primary one in another linguistic and cultural environment, and, secondly, as a process aimed at recreating the communicative effect of the original, adjusted for the differences between the two cultures and two communicative situations” [11, P.140]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “5. The result of the translator's activity-the text” [11, P. 138]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “6. Transmission (the process of transmission) of thoughts (feelings, emotions) expressed in one language by means of another language” [11, P. 138]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “7. Expressing what has already been expressed in one language by means of another language” [11, P.138] |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “8. Transmission of information contained in this work of speech by means of another language” [11, P.138]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “9. Full-fledged information transmitted by equivalent means” [11, P.138]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “10. The process of interlanguage transformation or transformation of an oral or written text presented in a given language into a text (oral or written) in another language” [11, P.138]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “11. Replacing text material in one language (source language) with equivalent text material in another language (target language)” [11, P.139]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “14. The process of processing information when the input text is in one language, and the output is in another” [11, P.139]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “21. Comparison of two or more languages in order to find semantic correspondences between their units, usually for comparative semantic research, etc.” [11, P.139]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “22. A language operation that replaces text in one language with text in another. Translation can be defined as replacing text material in one language (s) with equivalent text material in another” [11, P.139]. |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “26. A complete replacement of the original, which does not allow any deviations” [11, P.137-140] |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “27. The process of processing information in a bilingual situation” [11, P.137-140] |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “28. Expressing what has already been expressed in one language by means of another language” [11, P.137-140] |
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Nelyubin L. L.: “32. One of the types of speech activity. Its purpose is to transform the structure of the speech product, as a result of which, while maintaining the same plan of content, the plan of expression changes – one language is replaced by another” [11, P.137-140]. |
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Ozhegov S. I.: “2. Text translated from one language to another” [12]. |
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Ushakov D. N.: “2. Text (or spoken word) translated from a language into another language” [16]. |
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The scientist-translator, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the International Academy of Informatization at the United Nations, Professor, Doctor of Philology L. L. Nelyubin described the term “translation” and gave it 33 definitions in his work “Explanatory Dictionary of Translation Studies”, first published in 1999. It should also be noted that 17 interpretations with a given semantic core describe the linguistic approach to the definition of the term “translation”, eight interpretations – the communicative approach to the definition and eight – the sociological approach. Each group contains synonymous descriptions in an abbreviated or expanded version. Such a selection was facilitated by the painstaking work of L. L. Nelyubin with various sources of domestic and foreign authors.
The study of the research materials showed that many scientists, studying translation as a special type of speech communication, define translation not only as the interaction of languages, but also as the interaction of cultures.
In our opinion, the translation should follow a linguistic, communicative and sociological approach to the transfer of meaning in the process of translating an oral or written text to recreate the original message, although this is difficult due to differences in the national mentality, culture, and political situation, which prompted the proposal of the following definition. Translation is the conversion process of the information of an oral or written text expressed in one language by means of another language using linguistic, communicative or sociological approaches, depending on the meaning of the original and in accordance with the ethical responsibility of the translator. Moreover, we would like to emphasize that the ethical responsibility of the translator is influenced by his moral and moral rules, as well as the norms of professional behavior.
Conclusion
In the course of the research, the definitions of the term “translation” proposed by well-known domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners are grouped in accordance with the linguistic, communicative and sociological approaches. Moreover, the linguistic approach of to translation corresponds to the filling of the source text in accordance with the principle of semantic equivalence; the communicative approach of to translation is based on pragmatic adaptation and strives for dynamic equivalence, so that the reaction of the recipients of the translation corresponds to the reactions of the recipients of the source text through explication, manipulation (most often found in the translation of literary works); the sociological approach of to translation carries out social activities and acts as an intermediary between the customer and the future recipient of the translation. We understand that the complete transmission of all the meanings of the translated message is a difficult goal, but it should be pursued. Critical judgments regarding the definition of the term “translation” were and will be conducted in the future, and this is correct.
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